{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,29]],"date-time":"2026-09-29T17:21:50Z","timestamp":1790702510592,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":39,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,11]],"date-time":"2023-05-11T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1683763200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100002347","name":"Bundesministerium f\u00fcr Bildung und Forschung","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["01ZZ2007"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["01ZZ2007"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100002347","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001659","name":"Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["FOR 2698"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["FOR 2698"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001659","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["movementdisorders.onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Movement Disorders"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,7]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec><jats:title>Background<\/jats:title><jats:p>Video\u2010based tic detection and scoring is useful to independently and objectively assess tic frequency and severity in patients with Tourette syndrome. In trained raters, interrater reliability is good. However, video ratings are time\u2010consuming and cumbersome, particularly in large\u2010scale studies. Therefore, we developed two machine learning (ML) algorithms for automatic tic detection.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title><jats:p>The aim of this study was to evaluate the performances of state\u2010of\u2010the\u2010art ML approaches for automatic video\u2010based tic detection in patients with Tourette syndrome.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>We used 64 videos of n\u2009=\u200935 patients with Tourette syndrome. The data of six subjects (15 videos with ratings) were used as a validation set for hyperparameter optimization. For the binary classification task to distinguish between tic and no\u2010tic segments, we established two different supervised learning approaches. First, we manually extracted features based on landmarks, which served as input for a Random Forest classifier (Random Forest). Second, a fully automated deep learning approach was used, where regions of interest in video snippets were input to a convolutional neural network (deep neural network).<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>Tic detection F1 scores (and accuracy) were 82.0% (88.4%) in the Random Forest and 79.5% (88.5%) in the deep neural network approach.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title><jats:p>ML algorithms for automatic tic detection based on video recordings are feasible and reliable and could thus become a valuable assessment tool, for example, for objective tic measurements in clinical trials. ML algorithms might also be useful for the differential diagnosis of tics. \u00a9 2023 The Authors. <jats:italic>Movement Disorders<\/jats:italic> published by Wiley Periodicals LLC on behalf of International Parkinson and Movement Disorder Society.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/mds.29439","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,11]],"date-time":"2023-05-11T09:47:28Z","timestamp":1683798448000},"page":"1327-1335","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":28,"title":["Automated Motor Tic Detection: A Machine Learning Approach"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"38","author":[{"given":"Nele Sophie","family":"Br\u00fcgge","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Medical Informatics University of L\u00fcbeck  L\u00fcbeck Germany"},{"name":"German Research Center for Artificial Intelligence  L\u00fcbeck Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gesine 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