{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,14]],"date-time":"2026-05-14T23:42:02Z","timestamp":1778802122395,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":32,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,25]],"date-time":"2023-05-25T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1684972800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100013733","name":"Ipsen Biopharmaceuticals","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100013733","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["movementdisorders.onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Movement Disorders"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,7]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title><jats:sec><jats:title>Background<\/jats:title><jats:p>A better understanding of pain in adult\u2010onset idiopathic dystonia (AOID) is needed to implement effective therapeutic strategies.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title><jats:p>To develop a new rating instrument for pain in AOID and validate it in cervical dystonia (CD).<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>Development and validation of the Pain in Dystonia Scale (PIDS) comprised three phases. In phase 1, international experts and participants with AOID generated and evaluated the preliminary items for content validity. In phase 2, the PIDS was drafted and revised by the experts, followed by cognitive interviews to ensure self\u2010administration suitability. In phase 3, the PIDS psychometric properties were assessed in 85 participants with CD and retested in 40 participants.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>The final version of PIDS evaluates pain severity (by body\u2010part), functional impact, and external modulating factors. Test\u2013retest reliability showed a high\u2010correlation coefficient for the total score (0.9, <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\u2009&lt;\u20090.001), and intraclass correlation coefficients were 0.7 or higher for all items in all body\u2010parts subscores. The overall PIDS severity score showed high internal consistency (Cronbach's \u03b1, 0.9). Convergent validity analysis revealed a strong correlation between the PIDS severity score and the Toronto Western Spasmodic Torticollis Rating Scale pain subscale (0.8, <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\u2009&lt;\u20090.001) and the Brief Pain Inventory\u2010short form items related to pain at time of the assessment (0.7, <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\u2009&lt;\u20090.001) and impact of pain on daily functioning (0.7, <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\u2009&lt;\u20090.001).<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title><jats:p>The PIDS is the first specific questionnaire developed to evaluate pain in all patients with AOID, here, demonstrating high\u2010level psychometric properties in people with CD. Future work will validate PIDS in other forms of AOID. \u00a9 2023 International Parkinson and Movement Disorder Society.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/mds.29452","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,25]],"date-time":"2023-05-25T06:59:15Z","timestamp":1684997955000},"page":"1175-1186","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":16,"title":["The Pain in Dystonia Scale (PIDS)\u2014Development and Validation in Cervical Dystonia"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"38","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2378-6328","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Veronica","family":"Bruno","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Neurosciences University of Calgary  Calgary Alberta Canada"},{"name":"Hotchkiss Brain Institute  Calgary Alberta Canada"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Beatrice","family":"Achen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Neurosciences University of Calgary  Calgary Alberta Canada"},{"name":"Hotchkiss Brain Institute  Calgary Alberta Canada"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9834-3639","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Francesca","family":"Morgante","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Neurosciences Research Centre, Molecular and Clinical Sciences Research Institute St George's University of London  London United Kingdom"},{"name":"Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine University of Messina  Messina Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7800-7419","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Roberto","family":"Erro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine, Surgery and Dentistry \u201cScuola Medica Salernitana\u201d University of Salerno  Baronissi (SA) Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Susan H.","family":"Fox","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Movement Disorder Clinic Krembil Brain Institute, University Health Network  Toronto Ontario Canada"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Mark J.","family":"Edwards","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, Kings College London  London United Kingdom"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9872-6680","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Anette","family":"Schrag","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical and Movement Neurosciences UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, University College London  London United Kingdom"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1668-9925","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Maria","family":"Stamelou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Parkinson's Disease and Movement Disorders Department, HYGEIA Hospital and First Department of Neurology National and Kapodistrian University of Athens  Athens Greece"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5986-1468","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Silke","family":"Appel\u2010Cresswell","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Pacific Parkinson's Research Centre, Djavad Mowafaghian Centre for Brain Health University of British Columbia  Vancouver British Columbia Canada"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Giovanni","family":"Defazio","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurological and Psychiatric Sciences University of Bari  Bari Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2815-0505","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"K. Ray","family":"Chaudhuri","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Psychiatry Psychology and Neuroscience; Department of Basic and Clinical Neuroscience Division of Neuroscience; King's College London  London United Kingdom"},{"name":"Parkinson Foundation Centre of Excellence at King's College Hospital NHS Foundation Trust  London United Kingdom"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Sarah","family":"Pirio Richardson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology University of New Mexico\/New Mexico VA Healthcare System  Albuquerque New Mexico USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Hyder A.","family":"Jinnah","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departments of Neurology Human Genetics and Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine  Atlanta Georgia USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2217-0487","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Davide","family":"Martino","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Neurosciences University of Calgary  Calgary Alberta Canada"},{"name":"Hotchkiss Brain Institute  Calgary Alberta Canada"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,25]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_9_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2522\/ptj.20060272"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1155\/2013\/817426"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.parkreldis.2016.06.004"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5334\/tohm.466"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/awr224"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/acn3.50900"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.parkreldis.2018.04.030"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/IOP.0b013e31816386e1"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/jnnp.2003.013441"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/00207454.2020.1860039"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00415-003-0236-8"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1468-1331.2010.03161.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/mds.23709"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0304-3959(94)00172-B"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.parkreldis.2019.06.009"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/14737175.2021.1984230"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/mds.26534"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.books.9780890425596"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.parkreldis.2012.02.007"},{"issue":"14","key":"e_1_2_9_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.84.14_supplement.S15.001","article-title":"Reliability of the Severity subscale of the revised Toronto Spasmodic Torticollis Rating Scale (TWSTRS\u20102) (S15.001)","volume":"84","author":"Comella C","year":"2015","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/mdc3.12131"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/mds.10377"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpain.2003.12.005"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12967-020-02569-5"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.313.7059.744"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_27_1","volume-title":"Watkins MPFoundations of clinical research: Applications to practice","author":"Portney LG","year":"2015"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_28_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/med\/9780199685219.001.0001"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_29_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/mds.26270"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_30_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s41687-018-0053-6"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_31_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpain.2015.08.010"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_32_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1155\/2022\/5337483"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_33_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00415-012-6454-1"}],"container-title":["Movement Disorders"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/movementdisorders.onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1002\/mds.29452","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,20]],"date-time":"2025-10-20T09:00:49Z","timestamp":1760950849000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/movementdisorders.onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1002\/mds.29452"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,25]]},"references-count":32,"journal-issue":{"issue":"7","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,7]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1002\/mds.29452"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/mds.29452","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["0885-3185","1531-8257"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0885-3185","type":"print"},{"value":"1531-8257","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,25]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2023-02-08","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2023-05-08","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2023-05-25","order":3,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}