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Cadmium has a suggestive negative association with PD (odds ratio [95% confidence interval] for the highest quartile, 0.70 [0.42\u20131.17]), which diminished among never smokers. Among current smokers only, lead was associated with decreased PD risk (0.06 [0.01\u20130.35]), whereas arsenic showed associations toward an increased PD risk (1.85 [0.45\u20137.93]).<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title><jats:p>We observe no strong evidence to support a role of metals in the development of PD. In particular, smoking may confound the association with tobacco\u2010derived metals. \u00a9 2023 The Authors. <jats:italic>Movement Disorders<\/jats:italic> published by Wiley Periodicals LLC on behalf of International Parkinson and Movement Disorder Society.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/mds.29602","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,7]],"date-time":"2023-09-07T05:35:03Z","timestamp":1694064903000},"page":"2302-2307","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":10,"title":["Prediagnostic Blood Metal Levels and the Risk of Parkinson's Disease: A Large European Prospective Cohort"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"38","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5275-0036","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yujia","family":"Zhao","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Risk Assessment Sciences Utrecht University  Utrecht the 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