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Previous studies support the use of taVNS as an add\u2010on treatment for gait in PD.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objectives<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>We assessed the effect of taVNS at 25\u2009Hz (taVNS25), taVNS at 100\u2009Hz (taVNS100), and sham earlobe stimulation (sVNS) on levodopa responsive (arm swing velocity, arm range of motion, stride length, gait speed) and non\u2010responsive gait characteristics (arm range of motion asymmetry, anticipatory postural adjustment [APA] duration, APA first step duration, APA first step range of motion), and turns (first turn duration, double 360\u00b0 turn duration, steps per turn) in advanced PD.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>In our double blind sham controlled within\u2010subject randomized trial, we included 30 PD patients (modified Hoehn and Yahr stage, 2.5\u20134) to assess the effect of taVNS25, taVNS100, and sVNS on gait characteristics measured with inertial motion sensors during the instrumented stand and walk test and a double 360\u00b0 turn. Separate generalized mixed models were built for each gait characteristic.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      During taVNS100 compared to sVNS arm swing velocity (\n                      <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u20090.030) and stride length increased (\n                      <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u20090.027), and APA duration decreased (\n                      <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u20090.050). During taVNS25 compared to sVNS stride length (\n                      <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u20090.024) and gait speed (\n                      <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u20090.021) increased and double 360\u00b0 turn duration decreased (\n                      <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u20090.039).\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      We have found that taVNS has a frequency specific propensity to improve stride length, arm swing velocity, and gait speed and double 360\u00b0 turn duration in PD patients. \u00a9 2024 The Authors.\n                      <jats:italic>Movement Disorders<\/jats:italic>\n                      published by Wiley Periodicals LLC on behalf of International Parkinson and Movement Disorder Society.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/mds.29826","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,17]],"date-time":"2024-05-17T06:45:14Z","timestamp":1715928314000},"page":"1375-1385","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":21,"title":["The Effect of\n                    <scp>taVNS<\/scp>\n                    at 25\u2009Hz and 100\u2009Hz on Parkinson's Disease Gait\u2014A Randomized Motion Sensor Study"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"39","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4653-8503","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Vesna","family":"van Midden","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology University Medical Centre Ljubljana  Ljubljana Slovenia"},{"name":"Medical Faculty University of Ljubljana  Ljubljana 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