{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,2]],"date-time":"2026-10-02T02:49:42Z","timestamp":1790909382941,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":68,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,12]],"date-time":"2024-08-12T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1723420800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,12]],"date-time":"2024-08-12T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1723420800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000065","name":"National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["5U01NS050095\u201005"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["5U01NS050095\u201005"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000065","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["movementdisorders.onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Movement Disorders"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,10]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Levodopa\u2010induced dyskinesia (LID) is a common adverse effect of levodopa, one of the main therapeutics used to treat the motor symptoms of Parkinson's disease (PD). Previous evidence suggests a connection between LID and a disruption of the dopaminergic system as well as genes implicated in PD, including\n                      <jats:italic>GBA1<\/jats:italic>\n                      and\n                      <jats:italic>LRRK2<\/jats:italic>\n                      .\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objectives<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Our goal was to investigate the effects of genetic variants on risk and time to LID.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      We performed a genome\u2010wide association study (GWAS) and analyses focused on\n                      <jats:italic>GBA1<\/jats:italic>\n                      and\n                      <jats:italic>LRRK2<\/jats:italic>\n                      variants. We also calculated polygenic risk scores (PRS) including risk variants for PD and variants in genes involved in the dopaminergic transmission pathway. To test the influence of genetics on LID risk we used logistic regression, and to examine its impact on time to LID we performed Cox regression including 1612 PD patients with and 3175 without LID.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      We found that\n                      <jats:italic>GBA1<\/jats:italic>\n                      variants were associated with LID risk (odds ratio [OR]\u2009=\u20091.65; 95% confidence interval [CI],\u20091.21\u20132.26;\n                      <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u20090.0017) and\n                      <jats:italic>LRRK2<\/jats:italic>\n                      variants with reduced time to LID onset (hazard ratio [HR]\u2009=\u20091.42; 95% CI,\u20091.09\u20131.84;\n                      <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u20090.0098). The fourth quartile of the PD PRS was associated with increased LID risk (OR\n                      <jats:sub>fourth_quartile<\/jats:sub>\n                      \u2009=\u20091.27; 95% CI,\u20091.03\u20131.56;\n                      <jats:italic>P\u2009=<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u20090.0210). The third and fourth dopamine pathway PRS quartiles were associated with a reduced time to development of LID (HR\n                      <jats:sub>third_quartile<\/jats:sub>\n                      =\u20091.38; 95% CI,\u20091.07\u20131.79;\n                      <jats:italic>P\u2009=<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u20090.0128; HR\n                      <jats:sub>fourth_quartile<\/jats:sub>\n                      =\u20091.38; 95% CI\u2009=\u20091.06\u20131.78;\n                      <jats:italic>P\u2009=<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u20090.0147).\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      This study suggests that variants implicated in PD and in the dopaminergic transmission pathway play a role in the risk\/time to develop LID. Further studies will be necessary to examine how these findings can inform clinical care. \u00a9 2024 The Author(s).\n                      <jats:italic>Movement Disorders<\/jats:italic>\n                      published by Wiley Periodicals LLC on behalf of International Parkinson and Movement Disorder Society.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/mds.29960","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,12]],"date-time":"2024-08-12T08:12:38Z","timestamp":1723450358000},"page":"1773-1783","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":16,"title":["Dopamine Pathway and Parkinson's Risk Variants Are Associated with Levodopa\u2010Induced Dyskinesia"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"39","author":[{"given":"Yuri L.","family":"Sosero","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Human Genetics McGill University  Montr\u00e9al Canada"},{"name":"Department of Neurology The Neuro (Montreal Neurological Institute\u2010Hospital), McGill University  Montr\u00e9al Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0056-1361","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sara","family":"Bandres\u2010Ciga","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Health and Human Services Center for Alzheimer's and Related Dementias (CARD), National Institute on Aging and National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes on Health  Bethesda Maryland USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bart","family":"Ferwerda","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Epidemiology and Biostatistics Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam  Amsterdam The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Maria T.P.","family":"Tocino","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Servicio de Neurolog\u00eda y Neurofisiolog\u00eda Cl\u00ednica Unidad de Trastornos del Movimiento, Instituto de Biomedicina de Sevilla, Hospital Universitario Virgen del Roc\u00edo\/CSIC\/Universidad de Sevilla  Sevilla Spain"},{"name":"Department of Neurobiology Centro de Investigaci\u00f3n Biom\u00e9dica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED)  Madrid Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"D\u00ecaz R.","family":"Belloso","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Servicio de Neurolog\u00eda y Neurofisiolog\u00eda Cl\u00ednica Unidad de Trastornos del Movimiento, Instituto de Biomedicina de Sevilla, Hospital Universitario Virgen del Roc\u00edo\/CSIC\/Universidad de Sevilla  Sevilla Spain"},{"name":"Department of Neurobiology Centro de Investigaci\u00f3n Biom\u00e9dica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED)  Madrid 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Statistics CREST, ENSAI, Campus de Ker\u2010Lann  Bruz Cedex France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Pille","family":"Taba","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Tartu  Tartu Estonia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lukas","family":"Pavelka","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Transversal Translational Medicine Luxembourg Institute of Health (LIH)  Strassen Luxembourg"},{"name":"Parkinson Research Clinic Centre Hospitalier de Luxembourg (CHL)  Strassen Luxembourg"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tain\u00e0 M.","family":"Marques","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Transversal Translational Medicine Luxembourg Institute of Health (LIH)  Strassen Luxembourg"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Clarissa 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M.","family":"Milanowski","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology Faculty of Health Science Medical University of Warsaw  Warsaw Poland"},{"name":"Department of Neurology Mayo Clinic Florida  Jacksonville Florida USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5487-1053","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Zbigniew K.","family":"Wszolek","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology Mayo Clinic Florida  Jacksonville Florida USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ryan J.","family":"Uitti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology Mayo Clinic Florida  Jacksonville Florida USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Peter","family":"Heutink","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE)  G\u00f6ttingen 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