{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,19]],"date-time":"2026-09-19T17:10:13Z","timestamp":1789837813736,"version":"4.0.1"},"reference-count":34,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,23]],"date-time":"2024-08-23T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1724371200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["movementdisorders.onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Movement Disorders"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,11]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec><jats:title>Background<\/jats:title><jats:p>Automated sleep detection in movement disorders may allow monitoring sleep, potentially guiding adaptive deep brain stimulation (DBS).<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Objectives<\/jats:title><jats:p>The aims were to compare wake\u2010versus\u2010sleep status (WSS) local field potentials (LFP) in a home environment and develop biomarkers of WSS in Parkinson's disease (PD), essential tremor (ET), and Tourette's syndrome (TS) patients.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>Five PD, 2 ET, and 1 TS patient were implanted with Medtronic Percept (3 STN [subthalamic nucleus], 3 GPi [globus pallidus interna], and 2 ventral intermediate nucleus). Over five to seven nights, \u03b2\u2010band (12.5\u201330\u2009Hz) and\/or \u03b1\u2010band (7\u201312\u2009Hz) LFP power spectral densities were recorded. Wearable actigraphs tracked sleep.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>From sleep to wake, PD LFP \u03b2\u2010power increased in STN and decreased in GPi, and \u03b1\u2010power increased in both. Machine learning classifiers were trained. For PD, the highest WSS accuracy was 93% (F1\u2009=\u20090.93), 86% across all patients (F1\u2009=\u20090.86). The maximum accuracy was 86% for ET and 89% for TS.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title><jats:p>Chronic intracranial narrowband recordings can accurately identify sleep in various movement disorders and targets in this proof\u2010of\u2010concept study. \u00a9 2024 The Author(s). <jats:italic>Movement Disorders<\/jats:italic> published by Wiley Periodicals LLC on behalf of International Parkinson and Movement Disorder Society.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/mds.29987","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,23]],"date-time":"2024-08-23T05:34:57Z","timestamp":1724391297000},"page":"2097-2102","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":15,"title":["Automated Sleep Detection in Movement Disorders Using Deep Brain Stimulation and Machine Learning"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"39","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7658-4749","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Arjun","family":"Balachandar","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine University of Toronto  Toronto Ontario Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yosra","family":"Hashim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Medicine, University College Dublin  Dublin Ireland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Okeanis","family":"Vaou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology University of Texas at San Antonio  San Antonio Texas USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5346-0180","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alfonso","family":"Fasano","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Edmond J. Safra Program in Parkinson's Disease and Morton and Gloria Shulman Movement Disorders Clinic, Toronto Western Hospital, UHN, Division of Neurology University of Toronto  Toronto Ontario Canada"},{"name":"Krembil Research Institute  Toronto Ontario Canada"},{"name":"CenteR for Advancing Neurotechnological Innovation to Application (CRANIA)  Toronto Ontario Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,23]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_10_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/mds.22643"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/mds.24996"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00415-010-5786-y"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.neuropsych.12070175"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa060281"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.0b013e31825dcdc1"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/mdc3.12519"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S1474-4422(15)00008-3"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/brainsci10120925"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/mds.27996"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/jnnp-2015-310972"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_13_1","article-title":"The impact of subthalamic deep brain stimulation on sleep\u2010wake behavior: a prospective electrophysiological study in 50 Parkinson patients","volume":"40","author":"Baumann\u2010Vogel H","year":"2017","journal-title":"Sleep"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/mds.23862"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_15_1","first-page":"1","article-title":"Subthalamic deep brain stimulation improves sleep and excessive sweating in Parkinson's disease","volume":"6","author":"Bjerknes S","year":"2020","journal-title":"npj Parkinson's Dis"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fneur.2021.765203"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TNSRE.2018.2890272"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/jsr.12806"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nbd.2023.106143"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41746-024-01115-7"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.2196\/16273","article-title":"Accuracy of wristband Fitbit models in assessing sleep: systematic review and meta\u2010analysis","volume":"21","author":"Haghayegh S","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Med Internet Res"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2147\/NSS.S391802"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/bios12020074"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clinph.2017.08.028"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3310205"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_26_1","first-page":"160","volume-title":"Lecture Notes in Computer Science (Including Subseries Lecture Notes in Artificial Intelligence and Lecture Notes in Bioinformatics)","author":"Campello RJGB","year":"2013"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_27_1","volume-title":"Visualizing non\u2010metric similarities in multiple maps. 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