{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,27]],"date-time":"2026-08-27T13:25:02Z","timestamp":1787837102732,"version":"build-2784847793"},"reference-count":36,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,21]],"date-time":"2024-11-21T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1732147200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["movementdisorders.onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Movement Disorders"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,2]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec><jats:title>Background and Objective<\/jats:title><jats:p>Memory impairment is a frequent and debilitating symptom in neurodegenerative disorders. The objective of this study was to provide proof\u2010of\u2010principle that deep brain stimulation during sleep can modify memory consolidation in people with Parkinson's disease depending on the stimulation frequency that is applied.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>Twenty\u2010four patients with Parkinson's disease who were treated with deep brain stimulation of the subthalamic nucleus were included in this single\u2010blind pilot study. Six patients had to be excluded because of insomnia on the night of testing. Patients were randomized (1:1 ratio) to receiving either low frequency deep brain stimulation (4\u2009Hz) or clinically used high frequency deep brain stimulation (130\u2009Hz) during early non\u2010rapid eye movement (NREM) sleep. The main outcome measure was overnight memory retention as measured by a validated declarative memory task.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>Patients receiving low frequency deep brain stimulation during early NREM sleep (n\u2009=\u20099, 4 females, mean age 61.1\u2009\u00b1\u20094.3\u2009years) showed improved overnight memory retention (<jats:italic>z<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u20092.549, <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u20090.011). Patients receiving clinically used high frequency deep brain stimulation (n\u2009=\u20099, 2 females, mean age 62.2\u2009\u00b1\u20097.1) did not show any improvement (<jats:italic>z<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u20091.023, <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u20090.306) leading to a significant difference between groups (<jats:italic>z<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u20092.214, <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u20090.027). Stronger improvement in memory function was correlated with increased cortical low frequency activity after low frequency deep brain stimulation as measured by electroencephalography (\u03c1\u2009=\u20090.711, <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u20090.037).<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title><jats:p>These results provide proof\u2010of\u2010principle that memory can be modulated by frequency\u2010specific deep brain stimulation during sleep. \u00a9 2024 The Author(s). <jats:italic>Movement Disorders<\/jats:italic> published by Wiley Periodicals LLC on behalf of International Parkinson and Movement Disorder Society.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/mds.30064","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,21]],"date-time":"2024-11-21T08:09:07Z","timestamp":1732176547000},"page":"285-291","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":10,"title":["Low\u2010Frequency Deep Brain 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