{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,15]],"date-time":"2026-10-15T20:49:32Z","timestamp":1792097372456,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":23,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,16]],"date-time":"2024-12-16T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1734307200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100001455","name":"American Foundation for Suicide Prevention","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100001455","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100011695","name":"Tourettes Action","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["TALFC17"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["TALFC17"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100011695","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["movementdisorders.onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Movement Disorders"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,2]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec><jats:title>Background<\/jats:title><jats:p>Tourette syndrome (TS) and chronic tic disorder (CTD) may be associated with an increased risk of mortality, but specific causes of death are poorly understood.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Objectives<\/jats:title><jats:p>In this matched cohort and sibling cohort study, we estimated the risk of all\u2010cause and cause\u2010specific mortality in individuals with TS\/CTD, compared with unaffected matched individuals and unaffected full siblings.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>We identified all individuals diagnosed with TS\/CTD in the Swedish National Patient Register who were living in the country between 1973 and 2020 and matched them (1:10) to individuals without TS\/CTD from the general population. We also identified their siblings without TS\/CTD. All\u2010cause and cause\u2010specific mortality outcomes, based on the International Classification of Diseases codes, were extracted from the Cause of Death Register. Covariates included sociodemographic variables and psychiatric disorders. Risks of mortality were estimated using Cox proportional hazards regression models.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>We included 10,280 individuals with TS\/CTD and 102,800 matched individuals without TS\/CTD. In adjusted models, individuals with TS\/CTD had an 86% increased hazard of all\u2010cause mortality (hazard ratio: 1.86, 95% confidence interval: 1.65\u20132.11). The increased risk was observed for both natural (particularly nervous, digestive, and respiratory system diseases) and unnatural causes of death (including suicides and accidents). The sibling comparison showed similar results, indicating that the associations were unlikely to be explained by familial confounding.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title><jats:p>Individuals with TS\/CTD are at increased risk of death due to both natural and unnatural causes. As some of these deaths are potentially preventable, greater focus on the somatic health of individuals with TS\/CTD is warranted. \u00a9 2024 The Author(s). <jats:italic>Movement Disorders<\/jats:italic> published by Wiley Periodicals LLC on behalf of International Parkinson and Movement Disorder Society.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/mds.30084","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,16]],"date-time":"2024-12-16T07:11:06Z","timestamp":1734333066000},"page":"335-344","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":10,"title":["All\u2010Cause and Cause\u2010Specific Mortality in Tourette Syndrome and Chronic Tic Disorder"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"40","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1571-5485","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lorena","family":"Fern\u00e1ndez de la Cruz","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Psychiatry Research, Department of Clinical Neuroscience Karolinska Institutet and Stockholm Health Care Services  Stockholm Sweden"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kayoko","family":"Isomura","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Psychiatry Research, Department of Clinical Neuroscience Karolinska Institutet and Stockholm Health Care Services  Stockholm Sweden"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ralf","family":"Kuja\u2010Halkola","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics Karolinska Institutet  Stockholm Sweden"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Paul","family":"Lichtenstein","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics Karolinska Institutet  Stockholm Sweden"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Henrik","family":"Larsson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics Karolinska Institutet  Stockholm Sweden"},{"name":"School of Medical Sciences \u00d6rebro University  \u00d6rebro Sweden"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zheng","family":"Chang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics Karolinska Institutet  Stockholm Sweden"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Brian M.","family":"D'Onofrio","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics Karolinska Institutet  Stockholm Sweden"},{"name":"Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences Indiana University  Bloomington Indiana USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Isabel","family":"Brikell","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics Karolinska Institutet  Stockholm Sweden"},{"name":"Department of Global Public Health and Primary Care University of Bergen  Bergen Norway"},{"name":"Department of Biomedicine Aarhus University  Aarhus Denmark"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anna","family":"Sidorchuk","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Psychiatry Research, Department of Clinical Neuroscience Karolinska Institutet and Stockholm Health Care Services  Stockholm Sweden"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4545-0924","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"David","family":"Mataix\u2010Cols","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Psychiatry Research, Department of Clinical Neuroscience Karolinska Institutet and Stockholm Health Care Services  Stockholm Sweden"},{"name":"Department of Clinical Sciences Lund University  Lund Sweden"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,16]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_10_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10578-011-0249-y"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jamaneurol.2018.1194"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jamapsychiatry.2014.2650"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2020.11.005"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/mds.26939"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2016.08.023"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2020.09.014"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/mds.28301"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10654-009-9350-y"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2458-11-450"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10654-017-0316-1"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10654-016-0117-y"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10654-019-00511-8"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2014-007520"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ridd.2015.10.005"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/jnnp-2013-306103.31"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jamaneurol.2018.4279"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj-2023-077564","article-title":"All cause and cause specific mortality in obsessive\u2010compulsive disorder: Nationwide matched cohort and sibling cohort study","volume":"384","author":"Fern\u00e1ndez de la Cruz L","year":"2024","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jamapsychiatry.2013.4174"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S2215-0366(16)30030-X"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2021.02.002"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.ajp.2015.15050618"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12916-022-02703-8"}],"container-title":["Movement Disorders"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/movementdisorders.onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1002\/mds.30084","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,20]],"date-time":"2025-10-20T11:30:24Z","timestamp":1760959824000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/movementdisorders.onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1002\/mds.30084"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,16]]},"references-count":23,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,2]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1002\/mds.30084"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/mds.30084","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["0885-3185","1531-8257"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0885-3185","type":"print"},{"value":"1531-8257","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,16]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2024-09-08","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2024-11-27","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2024-12-16","order":3,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}