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However, because of unclear additional benefit compared to unilateral lesion, and particularly to the evidence of increased adverse events occurrence, bilateral lesions were basically abandoned at the end of the 20th century. Therefore, bilateral DBS has become the standard procedure to treat PD. Magnetic resonance imaging\u2010guided focused ultrasound (MRgFUS) is an emerging incisionless technique used to produce therapeutic brain ablation. The positive experiences of unilateral MRgFUS ablation for PD, along with the preliminary favorable outcomes of bilateral thalamic MRgFUS for essential tremor, raise the possibility to eventually reintroduce bilateral lesioning in the management of PD motor features. This possibility has so far only been tested in a few small studies. This article reviews the evidence of bilateral lesioning of the basal ganglia to treat PD, and elaborates on current gaps, controversies, and perspectives of the different available neurosurgical procedures and specifically of MRgFUS ablation. \u00a9 2024 The Author(s). <jats:italic>Movement Disorders<\/jats:italic> published by Wiley Periodicals LLC on behalf of International Parkinson and Movement Disorder Society.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/mds.30090","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,27]],"date-time":"2024-12-27T03:43:22Z","timestamp":1735271002000},"page":"231-240","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":13,"title":["Bilateral Lesions in Parkinson's Disease: Gaps and Controversies"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"40","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5962-772X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Maria 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