{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,31]],"date-time":"2026-08-31T14:47:58Z","timestamp":1788187678972,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":30,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,30]],"date-time":"2025-01-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1738195200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000268","name":"Biotechnology and Biological Sciences Research Council","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["BB\/M010996\/1"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["BB\/M010996\/1"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000268","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["movementdisorders.onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Movement Disorders"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,6]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec><jats:title>Background<\/jats:title><jats:p>Recent studies have suggested that retinal changes measured with optical coherence tomography are detectable in early Parkinson's disease (PD), highlighting the potential of ophthalmic biomarkers for diagnosis and monitoring.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title><jats:p>We set out to investigate the relationship between optic disc pallor measured in fundoscopy images and both prevalent and incident PD.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>We analyzed color fundus photographs from 787 UK Biobank participants: 89 with prevalent PD, 317 with incident PD, and 381 age\u2010 and sex\u2010matched controls. Optic disc pallor in several zones was quantified using semi\u2010automated software. We used logistic and linear regression, adjusted for relevant covariates, to test for associations between disc pallor and PD status and duration.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>Participants with prevalent PD had significantly paler optic discs globally (OR per standard deviation [SD] increase\u2009=\u20091.39 [CI: 1.08\u20131.81], <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u20090.012) and across several zones compared to controls. Each year since PD diagnosis was associated with a 1.37 SD increase in global pallor (standardized <jats:italic>\u03b2<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u20091.37 [SE\u2009=\u20090.61], <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u20090.029), and a similar increase across several zones, however, this finding was sensitive to outliers with long disease duration. No significant associations were observed for the incident PD group.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title><jats:p>Optic disc pallor is significantly associated with PD and may become more pronounced with disease duration. This suggests that optic disc pallor, measured in routinely taken color fundus photographs, may serve as a biomarker for PD\u2010related neurodegeneration. \u00a9 2025 The Author(s). <jats:italic>Movement Disorders<\/jats:italic> published by Wiley Periodicals LLC on behalf of International Parkinson and Movement Disorder Society.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/mds.30127","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,30]],"date-time":"2025-01-30T06:43:51Z","timestamp":1738219431000},"page":"1123-1133","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["Optic Disc Pallor in Parkinson's Disease: A <scp>UK<\/scp> Biobank Study"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"40","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5485-7523","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Samuel","family":"Gibbon","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences University of Edinburgh  Edinburgh UK"},{"name":"Robert O Curle Ophthalmology Suite Institute for Regeneration and Repair, University of Edinburgh  Edinburgh UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"David P.","family":"Breen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences University of Edinburgh  Edinburgh UK"},{"name":"Anne Rowling Regenerative Neurology Clinic University of Edinburgh  Edinburgh UK"},{"name":"Usher Institute of Population Health Sciences and Informatics University of Edinburgh  Edinburgh UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Thomas J.","family":"MacGillivray","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences University of Edinburgh  Edinburgh UK"},{"name":"Robert O Curle Ophthalmology Suite Institute for Regeneration and Repair, University of Edinburgh  Edinburgh UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"name":"UK Biobank Eye & Vision Consortium","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,30]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_10_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1590\/0004-282X-ANP-2021-0134"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.dadm.2015.03.001"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jamaneurol.2018.1563"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/alz.12006"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.0000000000207727"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00415-020-10304-9"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00415-020-10094-0"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/hmg\/ddx273"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41582-022-00618-9"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1167\/tvst.13.5.20"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-323-60984-5.00064-0"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1167\/tvst.3.6.4"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/aos.13970"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00415-022-11014-0"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/dad2.12633"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjno-2024-000789"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41531-024-00637-x"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-024-54251-1"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/ageing\/afac062"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jamaophthalmol.2022.5928"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41433-023-02438-7"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s40942-020-0208-5"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_24_1","unstructured":"Anatomy of the Human Optic Nerve: Structure and Function; 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