{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,16]],"date-time":"2026-09-16T06:24:47Z","timestamp":1789539887734,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":38,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,22]],"date-time":"2025-01-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1737504000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000925","name":"National Health and Medical Research Council","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["132524"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["132524"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000925","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000925","name":"National Health and Medical Research Council","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["1176607"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["1176607"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000925","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"National Institutes of Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["R28AA012725"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R28AA012725"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["movementdisorders.onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Movement Disorders"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,4]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec><jats:title>Background<\/jats:title><jats:p>Parkinson's disease (PD) is the most common neurodegenerative movement disease. Human endogenous retroviruses (HERVs) are proviral remnants of ancient retroviral infection of germ cells that now constitute about 8% of the human genome. Under certain disease conditions, HERV genes are activated and partake in the disease process. However, virtually nothing is known about the pathological relationship, if any, between HERV and PD.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title><jats:p>The objectives of this study were to unravel the pathological relationship between human endogenous retrovirus K (HERV\u2010K) and PD, determine the localization of HERV\u2010K in the brain, determine whether HERV\u2010K levels are altered in PD brain and blood, and examine whether HERV\u2010K could serve as a biomarker for PD.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>In situ HERV\u2010K and glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) expression in the superior frontal and fusiform cortices of PD and control brain were analyzed using immunofluorescence and confocal microscopy. HERV\u2010K load and copy number in PD and control blood were measured by digital droplet polymerase chain reaction and GFAP by single\u2010molecule array. HERV\u2010K load was analyzed in relation to the Hoehn and Yahr Scale and Movement Disorder Society Unified Parkinson's Disease Rating Scale Part III.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>HERV\u2010K is predominantly expressed in astrocytes and colocalized with astrocytic GFAP, with decreased expression of both HERV\u2010K and GFAP in PD brain compared with controls. Consistent with this, HERV\u2010K levels were decreased in PD blood compared with controls and were correlated to blood GFAP levels. HERV\u2010K levels were inversely correlated to PD severity and duration.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title><jats:p>These findings suggest that HERV\u2010K is related to astrocyte function and to PD progression, and that HERV\u2010K could be neuroprotective. \u00a9 2025 The Author(s). <jats:italic>Movement Disorders<\/jats:italic> published by Wiley Periodicals LLC on behalf of International Parkinson and Movement Disorder Society.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/mds.30128","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,22]],"date-time":"2025-01-22T07:45:08Z","timestamp":1737531908000},"page":"683-692","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":12,"title":["Human Endogenous Retrovirus K in Astrocytes Is Altered in Parkinson's Disease"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"40","author":[{"given":"YuHong","family":"Fu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Brain and Mind Centre The University of Sydney  Sydney New South Wales Australia"},{"name":"School of Medical Sciences The University of Sydney  Sydney New South Wales Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gabrielle L.","family":"Adler","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Brain and Mind Centre The University of Sydney  Sydney New South Wales Australia"},{"name":"School of Medical Sciences The University of Sydney  Sydney New South Wales Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Priscilla","family":"Youssef","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Brain and Mind Centre The University of Sydney  Sydney New South Wales Australia"},{"name":"School of Medical Sciences The University of Sydney  Sydney New South Wales Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Katherine","family":"Phan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Brain and Mind Centre The University of Sydney  Sydney New South Wales Australia"},{"name":"School of Medical Sciences The University of Sydney  Sydney New South Wales Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0422-8398","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Glenda M.","family":"Halliday","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Brain and Mind Centre The University of Sydney  Sydney New South Wales Australia"},{"name":"School of Medical Sciences The University of Sydney  Sydney New South Wales Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9121-0294","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nicolas","family":"Dzamko","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Brain and Mind Centre The University of Sydney  Sydney New South Wales Australia"},{"name":"School of Medical Sciences The University of Sydney  Sydney New South Wales 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