{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,7]],"date-time":"2026-09-07T14:29:15Z","timestamp":1788791355833,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":41,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,17]],"date-time":"2025-03-17T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1742169600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001407","name":"Department of Biotechnology, Ministry of Science and Technology, India","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["BT\/PR33194\/AI\/133\/18\/2019"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["BT\/PR33194\/AI\/133\/18\/2019"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001407","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["movementdisorders.onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Movement Disorders"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,6]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec><jats:title>Background<\/jats:title><jats:p>No objective biomarkers exist for diagnosing and classifying tremor syndromes.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title><jats:p>The aim was to develop and validate a deep learning (DL) algorithm for classifying tremors from hand\u2010drawn pen\u2010on\u2010paper spirals.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>We recruited participants with dystonic tremor (DT), essential tremor (ET), essential tremor plus (ETP), Parkinson's disease (PD), cerebellar ataxia (AT), and healthy volunteers (HV). Participants drew free\u2010hand spirals on paper, which were used to train a DL algorithm based on transfer learning using InceptionResNetV2 and Keras sequential model. We validated the model externally in two independent tremor cohorts, evaluating accuracy and F1 scores, and compared its performance to expert raters.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>We recruited 521 participants and obtained 2078 spirals (365 DT, 215 ET, 208 ETP, 212 PD, 78 AT, and 525 HV). Mean age of the participants was 46.1 \u00b1\u200912.4\u2009years, duration of illness was 8.9 \u00b1\u20098.3\u2009years, and the mean Fahn\u2013Tolosa\u2013Marin Tremor Rating Scale score in patients was 32.4 \u00b1\u200914.7. The DL classifier demonstrated an overall accuracy of 81% [95% confidence interval, CI: 0.77\u20130.85] in distinguishing among tremor syndromes. To mitigate the potential risks of data leakage and digital fingerprinting, the algorithm was redeveloped and reanalyzed, yielding an adjusted accuracy of 70% [95% CI: 0.66\u20130.74]. External validation on an independent cohort of 1535 spiral drawings resulted in an accuracy of 61% [95% CI: 0.59\u20130.63], with the adjusted algorithm achieving 59% [95% CI: 0.58\u20130.60], outperforming human raters (accuracy: 46%).<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title><jats:p>Supervised DL algorithms can effectively detect tremor syndromes from hand\u2010drawn spirals, offering unbiased, feature\u2010independent classification with higher accuracy than human raters. \u00a9 2025 International Parkinson and Movement Disorder Society.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/mds.30176","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,17]],"date-time":"2025-03-17T08:49:11Z","timestamp":1742201351000},"page":"1172-1181","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":8,"title":["Deep Learning\u2013Based Artificial Intelligence Algorithm to Classify Tremors from Hand\u2010Drawn 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