{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,29]],"date-time":"2026-06-29T13:36:51Z","timestamp":1782740211584,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":23,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,2]],"date-time":"2025-04-02T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1743552000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["movementdisorders.onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Movement Disorders"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,6]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec><jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title><jats:p>Low\u2010frequency deep brain stimulation (DBS) of the subthalamic nucleus (STN) has been associated with positive effects on verbal fluency (VF) in patients with Parkinson's disease. This prospective study investigates stimulation direction\u2010dependent and site\u2010specific effects of theta frequency DBS on VF.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>In a double\u2010blind, cross\u2010over design (n\u2009=\u200920), we tested VF during left subthalamic theta stimulation (stimulation\u2010off, omnidirectional, and threedirectional stimulation conditions). DBS electrode localization and electric field calculations were performed (n\u2009=\u200918). Probabilistic sweet spot mapping identified voxels with significant change in VF.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>Best directional stimulation improved VF performance significantly compared with the stimulation\u2010off and omnidirectional stimulation condition. This effect followed a medial\u2010to\u2010anterolateral gradient with higher VF improvement observed on the border between the motor and associative subparts of the STN.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title><jats:p>We provide first proof\u2010of\u2010principle evidence that directional theta frequency DBS improves VF, possibly related to stimulation of the anterolateral STN. \u00a9 2025 The Author(s). <jats:italic>Movement Disorders<\/jats:italic> published by Wiley Periodicals LLC on behalf of International Parkinson and Movement Disorder Society.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/mds.30185","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,4]],"date-time":"2025-04-04T07:09:17Z","timestamp":1743750557000},"page":"1195-1199","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Antero\u2010Lateral Subthalamic Nucleus Theta Stimulation Improves Verbal Fluency in Parkinson's Disease"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"40","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0001-7469-8910","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hannah","family":"Schoenwald","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Clinical Neuroscience and Medical Psychology, Medical Faculty and University Hospital D\u00fcsseldorf, Heinrich Heine University D\u00fcsseldorf  D\u00fcsseldorf Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1963-9798","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Bahne H.","family":"Bahners","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Clinical Neuroscience and Medical Psychology, Medical Faculty and University Hospital D\u00fcsseldorf, Heinrich Heine University D\u00fcsseldorf  D\u00fcsseldorf Germany"},{"name":"Department of Neurology, Center for Movement Disorders and Neuromodulation, Medical Faculty and University Hospital D\u00fcsseldorf Heinrich Heine University D\u00fcsseldorf  D\u00fcsseldorf Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Silja","family":"Kannenberg","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Clinical Neuroscience and Medical Psychology, Medical Faculty and University Hospital D\u00fcsseldorf, Heinrich Heine University D\u00fcsseldorf  D\u00fcsseldorf Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7023-146X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Till A.","family":"Dembek","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology, Faculty of Medicine University of Cologne  Cologne Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Michael T.","family":"Barbe","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology, Faculty of Medicine University of Cologne  Cologne Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dafina","family":"Sylaj","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Clinical Neuroscience and Medical Psychology, Medical Faculty and University Hospital D\u00fcsseldorf, Heinrich Heine University D\u00fcsseldorf  D\u00fcsseldorf Germany"},{"name":"Department of Neurology, Center for Movement Disorders and Neuromodulation, Medical Faculty and University Hospital D\u00fcsseldorf Heinrich Heine University D\u00fcsseldorf  D\u00fcsseldorf Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anja","family":"Spiewok","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology, Center for Movement Disorders and Neuromodulation, Medical Faculty and University Hospital D\u00fcsseldorf Heinrich Heine University D\u00fcsseldorf  D\u00fcsseldorf Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Saskia","family":"Elben","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Clinical Neuroscience and Medical Psychology, Medical Faculty and University Hospital D\u00fcsseldorf, Heinrich Heine University D\u00fcsseldorf  D\u00fcsseldorf Germany"},{"name":"Department of Neurology, Center for Movement Disorders and Neuromodulation, Medical Faculty and University Hospital D\u00fcsseldorf Heinrich Heine University D\u00fcsseldorf  D\u00fcsseldorf Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tomke","family":"Muettel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology Hospital Leverkusen  Leverkusen Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jan","family":"Vesper","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Functional Neurosurgery and Stereotaxy, Department of Neurosurgery, Medical Faculty and University Hospital D\u00fcsseldorf Heinrich Heine University D\u00fcsseldorf  D\u00fcsseldorf Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Philipp","family":"Slotty","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Clinic for Orthopaedics and Trauma Surgery, Functional Neurosurgery and Neuromodulation, Helios St. Josefhospital Uerdingen  Krefeld Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alfons","family":"Schnitzler","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Clinical Neuroscience and Medical Psychology, Medical Faculty and University Hospital D\u00fcsseldorf, Heinrich Heine University D\u00fcsseldorf  D\u00fcsseldorf Germany"},{"name":"Department of Neurology, Center for Movement Disorders and Neuromodulation, Medical Faculty and University Hospital D\u00fcsseldorf Heinrich Heine University D\u00fcsseldorf  D\u00fcsseldorf Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Stefan J.","family":"Groiss","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Clinical Neuroscience and Medical Psychology, Medical Faculty and University Hospital D\u00fcsseldorf, Heinrich Heine University D\u00fcsseldorf  D\u00fcsseldorf Germany"},{"name":"Department of Neurology, Center for Movement Disorders and Neuromodulation, Medical Faculty and University Hospital D\u00fcsseldorf Heinrich Heine University D\u00fcsseldorf  D\u00fcsseldorf Germany"},{"name":"Neurocenter  D\u00fcsseldorf Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,2]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_10_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa060281"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM199810153391603"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S1474-4422(08)70291-6"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/123.10.2091"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.parkreldis.2020.08.023"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S1474-4422(08)70114-5"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.csbj.2016.11.003"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ana.26903"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/acn3.51304"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/archneur.63.9.1273"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brs.2021.04.016"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.59.5.706"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S1355617704104141"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/mds.26703"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/mds.26669"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/ner.13407"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/ner.13234"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2014.12.002"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2018.08.068"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/mp.12424"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2020.117330"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2017.05.015"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41531-022-00301-2"}],"container-title":["Movement Disorders"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/movementdisorders.onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1002\/mds.30185","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,20]],"date-time":"2025-10-20T11:53:38Z","timestamp":1760961218000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/movementdisorders.onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1002\/mds.30185"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,2]]},"references-count":23,"journal-issue":{"issue":"6","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,6]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1002\/mds.30185"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/mds.30185","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["0885-3185","1531-8257"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0885-3185","type":"print"},{"value":"1531-8257","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,2]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2024-08-12","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2025-03-12","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2025-04-02","order":3,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}