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Greater knowledge about the fast dynamics of these neural responses could shed light on circuit pathophysiology and inform novel approaches to neuromodulation therapies.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objectives<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>To compare short\u2010term neuroplasticity in the globus pallidus interna (GPi) and the subthalamic nucleus (STN), the canonical functional targets for PD and dystonia.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>During surgery for DBS lead implantation, we delivered pairs of stimuli across various interstimulus intervals and amplitudes and recorded DBS\u2010evoked responses from unused contacts on the lead. After stimulus artifact removal, we contrasted the magnitude and timing of the local responses by paired pulse interval and brain target. Additionally, we compared the amplitudes of the DBS\u2010evoked potentials versus resting local field potentials at the same recording site.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>In 14 patients undergoing STN DBS and 9 undergoing GPi DBS, evoked potentials in the STN exhibited greater amplitudes than those in the GPi. However, paired pulse neuroplasticity was larger in the GPi than in the STN. Otherwise, the responses at both sites exhibited similar paired pulse hastening and refractoriness, onset latencies, and frequencies measured by the first two peaks.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Single and paired DBS pulses elicit local oscillations with larger amplitudes in the STN than in the GPi. Otherwise, the responses display similar time dynamics and short\u2010term neuroplasticity. These findings could inform therapeutic innovation with future DBS systems that utilize sensing technologies. \u00a9 2025 The Author(s).\n                      <jats:italic>Movement Disorders<\/jats:italic>\n                      published by Wiley Periodicals LLC on behalf of International Parkinson and Movement Disorder Society.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/mds.30203","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,28]],"date-time":"2025-04-28T04:44:56Z","timestamp":1745815496000},"page":"1636-1647","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["Paired Deep Brain Stimuli Elicit Short\u2010Term Facilitation in Globus Pallidus Interna and Subthalamic Nucleus"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"40","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1030-5233","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sarah","family":"Brinkerhoff","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology Heersink of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham  Birmingham Alabama USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0987-4834","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Arie","family":"Nakhmani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering University of Alabama at Birmingham  Birmingham Alabama USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alex","family":"Varghese","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology Heersink of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham  Birmingham Alabama USA"},{"name":"Department of Neurosurgery Heersink of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham  Birmingham Alabama USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Cameron","family":"Gordon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology Heersink of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham  Birmingham Alabama USA"},{"name":"Department of Neurology University of Mississippi Medical Center  Jackson Mississippi USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Christopher L.","family":"Gonzalez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology Heersink of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham  Birmingham Alabama USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"J. 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