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Advances in treating and characterizing developmental and infantile degenerative parkinsonism have highlighted the need for a specialized assessment scale.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The aim of this study was to design and validate a scale that effectively assesses parkinsonism\u2010dystonia in early life.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The Infantile Parkinsonism\u2010Dystonia Rating Scale (IPDRS) was designed to capture the key clinical features of parkinsonism\u2010dystonia in early life. It consists of 28 items across three subscales: Non\u2010motor symptoms, Motor symptoms, and Dyskinesias. Thirty\u2010two patients with hypokinetic movement disorder were scored following a standardized protocol. Filmed motor examinations were analyzed independently by three pediatric movement disorders specialists to evaluate interrater reliability. Twenty additional patients with primary neurotransmitter disorders were scored, and nine of them were evaluated at baseline and after treatment. Psychometric validation was conducted.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>A total of 52 patients were scored using the IPDRS. Mean age was 3.1\u2009years (standard deviation [SD]: 2.0), and the mean IPDRS score was 40.8 (SD: 13.17). Internal consistency analysis demonstrated a Cronbach's \u03b1 of 0.21 for Non\u2010motor symptoms subscale, 0.84 for Motor symptoms subscale, and 0.95 for Dyskinesia subscale. Kappa indexes exceeded 0.70 in seven items. Correlation coefficients for dystonia items with the Barry\u2010Albright\u2010Dystonia Scale ranged from 0.46 to 0.64. After treatment, all IPDRS scores changed significantly, with an effect size of 2.42.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      The IPDRS appears to be a reliable and valid tool for assessing parkinsonism in early life. Further validation studies with a larger sample size are needed to confirm these findings and complete the validation process. \u00a9 2025 The Author(s).\n                      <jats:italic>Movement Disorders<\/jats:italic>\n                      published by Wiley Periodicals LLC on behalf of International Parkinson and Movement Disorder Society.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/mds.30219","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,14]],"date-time":"2025-05-14T02:29:01Z","timestamp":1747189741000},"page":"1669-1679","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Development and Preliminary Validation of a Parkinsonism\u2010Dystonia Scale for Infants and Young Children"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"40","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6749-1906","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Roser","family":"Pons","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"First Department of Pediatrics Agia Sofia Children's Hospital, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens  Athens Greece"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Toni S.","family":"Pearson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Neurology Nationwide Children's Hospital, The Ohio State University College of Medicine  Columbus Ohio USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4979-2788","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Belen","family":"Perez\u2010Due\u00f1as","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Pediatric Neurology Research Group, Vall d'Hebron Research Institute, Autonomous University of Barcelona, CIBERER, Spanish National Network for Research on Rare Diseases  Barcelona Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9853-688X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Angels","family":"Garcia\u2010Cazorla","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Neurometabolic Unit, Neurology Department Institut de Recerca, MetabERN and CIBERER, Hospital Sant Joan de D\u00e9u  Barcelona Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3529-5075","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Manju A.","family":"Kurian","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Molecular Neurosciences, Developmental Neurosciences, Zayed Centre for Research into Rare Disease in Children, UCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health  London United Kingdom"},{"name":"Department of Neurology Great Ormond Street Hospital  London United Kingdom"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zoi","family":"Dalivigka","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Pediatric Rehabilitation Department Pan &amp; Aglaias Kyriakou Children's Hospital  Kallithea Greece"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Vasiliki","family":"Zouvelou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"First Department of Pediatrics Agia Sofia Children's Hospital, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens  Athens Greece"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2384-3468","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Chrysa","family":"Outsika","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"First Department of Pediatrics Agia Sofia Children's Hospital, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens  Athens 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