{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,13]],"date-time":"2026-10-13T17:11:50Z","timestamp":1791911510011,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":58,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,6]],"date-time":"2025-05-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1746489600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100001595","name":"Dystonia Medical Research Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100001595","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["movementdisorders.onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Movement Disorders"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,7]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    Dystonia is a movement disorder with varied clinical features and diverse etiologies. Here we present a revision of the 2013 consensus definition and classification of dystonia in light of subsequent publications and experience with its application during the last decade. A panel of movement disorder specialists with expertise in dystonia reviewed the original document and proposed some revision. There was broad consensus to retain the definition of dystonia with only minor clarifications to the wording. Dystonia is defined as a movement disorder characterized by sustained or intermittent abnormal movements, postures, or both. Dystonic movements and postures are typically patterned and repetitive and may be tremulous or jerky. They are often initiated or worsened by voluntary action and frequently associated with overflow movements. The two\u2010axis structure for classification of the many different presentations of dystonia was also retained, with some revision. Axis I summarizes key clinical characteristics of dystonia, including age at onset, family history, body distribution, temporal dimensions, phenomenology, and whether dystonia is isolated or combined with other neurological or medical problems. Axis II organizes information regarding its etiological basis, including genetic, acquired, and anatomical, and common disease mechanisms. This consensus provides an update to the original definition and classification of dystonia with the aim of facilitating its clinical recognition and management. The revision retains the essence of the original proposal and aims particularly to provide a structure facilitating a uniform implementation. \u00a9 2025 The Author(s).\n                    <jats:italic>Movement Disorders<\/jats:italic>\n                    published by Wiley Periodicals LLC on behalf of International Parkinson and Movement Disorder Society.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/mds.30220","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,6]],"date-time":"2025-05-06T08:18:51Z","timestamp":1746519531000},"page":"1248-1259","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":141,"title":["Definition and Classification of Dystonia"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"40","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5864-0006","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alberto","family":"Albanese","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology IRCCS Neurological Institute C. 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Safra Program in Parkinson's Disease and the Morton and Gloria Shulman Movement Disorders Clinic Toronto Western Hospital, University Health Network  Toronto Ontario Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jonathan W.","family":"Mink","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departments of Neurology, Neurobiology, and Anatomy, Brain and Cognitive Sciences, and Pediatrics University of Rochester  Rochester New York USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1771-9137","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sanjay","family":"Pandey","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology and Stroke Medicine Amrita Institute of Medical Sciences  Faridabad India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jan K.","family":"Teller","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Dystonia Medical Research Foundation  Chicago Illinois USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5783-571X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marina A.J.","family":"Tijssen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"UMCG Expertise Center Movements Disorders University of Groningen  Groningen The Netherlands"},{"name":"Department of Neurology, University of Groningen University Medical Center Groningen  Groningen The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marie","family":"Vidailhet","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Sorbonne Universit\u00e9, Paris Brain Institute (ICM), Inserm, CNRS  Paris France"},{"name":"Center of Excellence of Neurodegenerative Disease (CoEN), AP\u2010HP, Piti\u00e9\u2010Salp\u00eatri\u00e8re Hospital  Paris France"},{"name":"Assistance Publique H\u00f4pitaux de Paris APHP, Department of Neurology Piti\u00e9\u2010Salp\u00eatri\u00e8re Hospital  Paris 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