{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,29]],"date-time":"2026-05-29T16:21:29Z","timestamp":1780071689988,"version":"3.54.0"},"reference-count":69,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,25]],"date-time":"2025-06-25T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1750809600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003725","name":"National Research Foundation of Korea","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["RS\u20102023\u201000223277"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["RS\u20102023\u201000223277"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003725","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000065","name":"National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["R01\u2010NS116006"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R01\u2010NS116006"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000065","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000065","name":"National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["U01\u2010NS120256"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["U01\u2010NS120256"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000065","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["movementdisorders.onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Movement Disorders"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,10]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Resilience factors are crucial in the progression of neurodegenerative diseases. However, it remains unclear whether a genetic predisposition to cognitive reserve influences clinical heterogeneity in the prognosis of Parkinson's disease (PD).<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objectives<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The aim is to evaluate the utility of polygenic scores (PGSs) for cognitive reserve proxies, including intelligence (INT), educational attainment (EA), and occupational attainment (OA), in predicting the clinical progression of PD.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Genetic and clinical data for progression of PD (progression to Hoehn and Yahr stage \u22653, progression to a Montreal Cognitive Assessment score\u2009\u226424, and occurrence of psychosis) were obtained from the Accelerating Medicine Partnership Parkinson's Disease database. We conducted multivariate Cox regression analysis, adjusting for relevant covariates, including years of education, variants in\n                      <jats:italic>APOE<\/jats:italic>\n                      ,\n                      <jats:italic>GBA1<\/jats:italic>\n                      ,\n                      <jats:italic>LRRK2<\/jats:italic>\n                      , and other cognitive reserve\u2010related PGSs.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      All cognitive reserve\u2010related PGSs significantly reduced the risk of cognitive decline, and EA\u2010PGS (hazard ratio [HR], 0.550; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.447\u20130.676;\n                      <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009&lt;\u20090.001) remained significant after controlling for INT\u2010PGS and OA\u2010PGS. EA\u2010PGS (HR, 0.805; 95% CI, 0.672\u20130.964;\n                      <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u20090.019) was significantly associated with better motor prognosis after controlling for other PGSs. OA\u2010PGS was linked to a decreased risk of developing psychosis in PD and remained significant after adjusting for others (HR, 0.784; 95% CI, 0.631\u20130.975;\n                      <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u20090.029).\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Genetic proxies of cognitive reserve are associated with a reduced risk of cognitive decline, motor progression, and development of psychosis in PD. These findings may enhance our understanding of individual differences in resilience in progression of PD. \u00a9 2025 The Author(s).\n                      <jats:italic>Movement Disorders<\/jats:italic>\n                      published by Wiley Periodicals LLC on behalf of International Parkinson and Movement Disorder Society.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/mds.30276","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,25]],"date-time":"2025-06-25T05:55:15Z","timestamp":1750830915000},"page":"2158-2168","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Protective Effects of Genetic Proxies of Cognitive Reserve in Parkinson's Disease: A Longitudinal Multi\u2010Cohort Study"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"40","author":[{"given":"Young Eun","family":"Huh","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology CHA Bundang Medical Center, CHA University  Seongnam\u2010si Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Beomjin","family":"Jang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Digital Health Samsung Advanced Institute for Health Sciences &amp; Technology (SAIHST), Sungkyunkwan University  Seoul Republic of Korea"},{"name":"Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences Icahn School of Medicine  New York New York USA"},{"name":"Nash Family Department of Neuroscience and Friedman Brain Institute Icahn School of Medicine  New York New York USA"},{"name":"Ronald M. Loeb Center for Alzheimer's Disease, Icahn School of Medicine  New York New York USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sang\u2010Hyuk","family":"Jung","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Informatics Kangwon National University College of Medicine  Chuncheon Republic of Korea"},{"name":"Interdisciplinary Graduate Program in Medical Bigdata Convergence Kangwon National University  Chuncheon Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dokyoon","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biostatistics, Epidemiology and Informatics Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania  Philadelphia Pennsylvania USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Towfique","family":"Raj","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences Icahn School of Medicine  New York New York USA"},{"name":"Nash Family Department of Neuroscience and Friedman Brain Institute Icahn School of Medicine  New York New York USA"},{"name":"Ronald M. 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