{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,12]],"date-time":"2026-06-12T10:27:05Z","timestamp":1781260025337,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":18,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,15]],"date-time":"2025-08-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1755216000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003725","name":"National Research Foundation of Korea","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["NRF\u20102021R1C1C1011077"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NRF\u20102021R1C1C1011077"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003725","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003725","name":"National Research Foundation of Korea","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["RS\u20102023\u201000262880"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["RS\u20102023\u201000262880"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003725","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["movementdisorders.onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Movement Disorders"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,11]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background and objective<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Tremor is defined as involuntary, rhythmic, and sinusoidal movements. However, differentiating different types of tremors remains challenging due to overlapping features and the subjective nature of clinical evaluations. This study aimed to introduce a novel, video\u2010based waveform analysis to objectively measure two fundamental tremor characteristics, rhythmicity and sinusoidality.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Based on waveforms derived from video\u2010based analysis tracking the patients' nose tip, we defined the coefficient of variation of interpeak intervals (CVIPI) as the measure of rhythmicity index and the slope\u2013fold ratio as the sinusoidality index. For convergent validation, we prospectively enrolled 13 cervical dystonia (CD) patients with head tremor and simultaneously recorded tremor data using both video\u2010based and gyroscope\u2010based methods. Additionally, we applied the algorithm to archived videos of 28 CD and 22 essential tremor (ET) cases with head tremor to analyze individual and group tremor characteristics.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Video\u2010based indices demonstrated excellent agreement with gyroscope\u2010based measurements for peak frequency (intraclass correlation coefficient [ICC]\u2009=\u20090.99) and the sinusoidality index (ICC\u2009=\u20090.93), while the rhythmicity index showed good reliability (ICC\u2009=\u20090.86). In the application study, CD cases showed significantly lower rhythmicity and sinusoidality than ET cases, forming distinct data\u2010driven clusters between CD and ET. The accuracy of these clusters to the clinical diagnosis was 82.1% and 63.6% for CD and ET, respectively.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Video\u2010based analysis of tremor waveforms offers an objective evaluation of rhythmicity and sinusoidality, providing a tool for the objective description of tremor syndromes. Distinct yet overlapping waveform features in ET and CD, analyzed with video analysis, highlight the variability of tremor syndromes. \u00a9 2025 International Parkinson and Movement Disorder Society.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/mds.30322","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,15]],"date-time":"2025-08-15T10:19:38Z","timestamp":1755253178000},"page":"2344-2353","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Waveform\u2010Based Analysis of Head Tremor Using a Marker\u2010Less Tracking Algorithm with\n                    <scp>2D<\/scp>\n                    \u2010Video: Evaluation of Sinusoidality and Rhythmicity"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"40","author":[{"given":"Jung Hwan","family":"Shin","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology, Seoul National University Hospital Seoul National University  Seoul South Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7760-5524","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Seungmin","family":"Lee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology, Seoul National University Hospital Seoul National University  Seoul South Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kyung Ah","family":"Woo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology, Seoul National University Hospital Seoul National University  Seoul South Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hyder A.","family":"Jinnah","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology and Human Genetics Emory University  Atlanta Georgia USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4018-0838","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Aasef","family":"Shaikh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology Case Western University School of Medicine  Cleveland Ohio USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3180-6811","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mark","family":"Hallett","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, NIH  Bethesda Maryland USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1771-9137","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sanjay","family":"Pandey","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology and Stroke Medicine Amrita Institute of Medical Sciences  Faridabad India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4035-6573","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rick C.","family":"Helmich","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Center for Cognitive Neuroimaging Radboud University Medical Centre  Nijmegen The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2409-9143","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marie","family":"Vidailhet","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology Paris Brain Institute, ICM (Movement Investigation and Therapeutics Team), Sorbonne Universit\u00e9, APHP  Paris France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3085-2282","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Victor","family":"Fung","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology Westmead Hospital  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Hyundae Hospital  Namyangju Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,15]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_10_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/mds.27121"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_3_1","volume-title":"Parkinson's Disease and Other Movement Disorders","author":"Edwards MJ, Stamelou M, Quinn N, Bhatia 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