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Spectral features and PAC analyses were conducted to assess the effects of levodopa, locomotion, and their associations with motor symptoms.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      In the\n                      <jats:italic>off<\/jats:italic>\n                      levodopa state, patients showed prolonged gait cycle intervals and shorter step lengths, correlating with higher Movement Disorder Society\u2013revised Unified Parkinson's Disease Rating Scale Part III (UPDRS\u2010III) scores. The cEEG beta\u2010gamma PAC during sitting and standing, and cEEG\u2010gEMG beta\u2010gamma PAC during walking, positively correlated with UPDRS\u2010III in the\n                      <jats:italic>off<\/jats:italic>\n                      levodopa state. The cEEG alpha\/low beta\u2010gamma and cEEG\u2010gEMG low beta\u2010gamma PAC increased from\n                      <jats:italic>on<\/jats:italic>\n                      to\n                      <jats:italic>off<\/jats:italic>\n                      levodopa while walking, with the latter correlating with reduced step length. Step event\u2013related PAC analysis unveiled a dynamic enhancement of alpha\/beta cEEG\u2010gamma gEMG PAC around heel strikes in\n                      <jats:italic>on<\/jats:italic>\n                      levodopa compared with\n                      <jats:italic>off<\/jats:italic>\n                      .\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Both cortical and corticomuscular beta\u2010gamma PACs are modulated by levodopa and locomotion, with low beta\u2010gamma corticomuscular PAC specifically linked to gait dysfunction. Moreover, the levodopa\u2010related enhancement of alpha\/beta\u2013gamma PAC during heel strikes highlights the functional relevance of dopaminergic modulation during gait. These findings highlight the potential of PAC as a biomarker for PD, particularly in the development of gait phase\u2010locked adaptive deep brain stimulation strategies for patients with PD guided by noninvasive PAC monitoring. \u00a9 2025 The Author(s).\n                      <jats:italic>Movement Disorders<\/jats:italic>\n                      published by Wiley Periodicals LLC on behalf of International Parkinson and Movement Disorder Society.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/mds.70031","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,6]],"date-time":"2025-09-06T07:30:47Z","timestamp":1757143847000},"page":"2641-2653","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":9,"title":["Cortical and Corticomuscular Beta\u2010Gamma Phase\u2010Amplitude Coupling During Different Locomotion States and the Effects of Levodopa in Parkinson's 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