{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,26]],"date-time":"2026-10-26T16:48:41Z","timestamp":1793033321469,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":43,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,22]],"date-time":"2025-09-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1758499200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,22]],"date-time":"2025-09-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1758499200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"National Institutes of Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["1 UH3 NS119844\u201001A1"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["1 UH3 NS119844\u201001A1"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["movementdisorders.onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Movement Disorders"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,12]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Tourette syndrome (TS) is a neurodevelopmental disorder characterized by intermittent involuntary, repetitive movements and vocalizations collectively referred to as tics. For participants with severe tics who are resistant to medication and behavioral therapy, deep brain stimulation (DBS) has emerged as a potential treatment. Suboptimal animal models and shortcomings in anatomical imaging have collectively hindered progress in understanding the neurophysiological basis of human tic generation.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objectives<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This study investigates the mechanisms underlying tic generation across two DBS targets with simultaneous recordings\u2014the centromedian thalamus (CM) and anterior globus pallidus internus (aGPi)\u2014and their interactions.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Six participants with TS underwent bilateral implantation of four total CM and aGPi leads connected to two adaptive neurostimulators. Preoperative magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and postoperative computed tomography (CT) scans localized lead and contact locations in CM and aGPi. Neural signals were recorded over nine consecutive monthly visits, encompassing both tic and symptom\u2010free states. No stimulation was applied during the recordings.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Recordings from both human CM and aGPi revealed increased low\u2010frequency (&lt;20\u2009Hz) power during both motor and vocal tics. The pallido\u2010thalamic coherence in the pathological 1\u201310\u2009Hz band was significantly greater during tics than in symptom\u2010free states. The phase difference between the two nuclei was reduced during tics, with higher internuclear phase differences observed in the left hemisphere.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      These findings reveal distinct neural dynamics in the basal ganglia\u2014thalamus network during tic generation, providing insight into the pathophysiology underlying human TS. \u00a9 2025 The Author(s).\n                      <jats:italic>Movement Disorders<\/jats:italic>\n                      published by Wiley Periodicals LLC on behalf of International Parkinson and Movement Disorder Society.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  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