{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,17]],"date-time":"2026-10-17T00:39:56Z","timestamp":1792197596606,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":69,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,23]],"date-time":"2025-10-23T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1761177600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,23]],"date-time":"2025-10-23T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1761177600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004359","name":"Vetenskapsr\u00e5det","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004359","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000304","name":"Parkinson's UK","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000304","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["movementdisorders.onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Movement Disorders"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,12]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Gut dysbiosis and gut\u2010brain\u2010axis involvement in people with Parkinson's disease (\n                      <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">PwP<\/jats:styled-content>\n                      ) support the use of gut\u2010microbiota\u2010modulating interventions. Probiotics may help manage constipation in\n                      <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">PwP<\/jats:styled-content>\n                      ; however, mechanisms underpinning additional beneficial properties are unknown.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      The aim was evaluating the effects of a probiotic (\n                      <jats:italic>Lacticaseibacillus rhamnosus, Lactobacillus acidophilus, Lactiplantibacillus plantarum<\/jats:italic>\n                      and\n                      <jats:italic>Enterococcus faecium)<\/jats:italic>\n                      on gut microbiota, inflammation, motor and non\u2010motor symptoms (NMS) in PwP and constipation.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      In this multicenter, randomized, double\u2010blind, placebo\u2010controlled trial (NCT05146921), PwP and constipation were randomized (1:1) to receive either the probiotic (4.08\u2009\u00d7\u200910\n                      <jats:sup>8<\/jats:sup>\n                      CFU\/mL) or placebo orally (70\u2009mL\/day) for 12\u2009weeks. The primary endpoint was the differential abundance of gut microbiota taxa between baseline and end\u2010of\u2010treatment in the active versus placebo group. Secondary\/exploratory endpoints included changes in inflammatory cytokines plasma levels, short\u2010chain fatty acids (SCFAs) plasma and fecal levels, motor and NMS outcomes after 12\u2009weeks. A per\u2010protocol analysis was performed.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Between July 17, 2019 and February 6, 2022, 74 participants were randomized. Data from 35 (probiotic) and 33 (placebo) participants were analyzed. Enrichments of bacteria with beneficial health\u2010related properties (\n                      <jats:italic>Odoribacteraceae<\/jats:italic>\n                      ,\n                      <jats:italic>Enterococcaceae<\/jats:italic>\n                      , and\n                      <jats:italic>Blautia faecicola<\/jats:italic>\n                      ) were observed in the active group compared to placebo (\n                      <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009\u2264\u20090.05). Proinflammatory cytokine TNF\u2010\u03b1 plasma levels decreased with probiotic treatment and increased with placebo (\n                      <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009&lt;\u20090.05). No changes in SCFAs levels were observed. Reductions in time\u2010to\u2010\n                      <jats:italic>on<\/jats:italic>\n                      and NMS scale scores (\n                      <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009&lt;\u20090.05) were observed only in the active group.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      This probiotic was effective in beneficially enriching the gut microbiota with potential to reduce systemic inflammation, shortening time\u2010to\u2010\n                      <jats:italic>on<\/jats:italic>\n                      following levodopa administration, and alleviating NMS burden in PwP experiencing constipation. \u00a9 2025 The Author(s).\n                      <jats:italic>Movement Disorders<\/jats:italic>\n                      published by Wiley Periodicals LLC on behalf of International Parkinson and Movement Disorder Society. \u00a9 2025 The Author(s).\n                      <jats:italic>Movement Disorders<\/jats:italic>\n                      published by Wiley Periodicals LLC on behalf of International Parkinson and Movement Disorder Society.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/mds.70047","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,23]],"date-time":"2025-10-23T11:12:33Z","timestamp":1761217953000},"page":"2710-2721","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":21,"title":["Effects of a Four\u2010Strain Probiotic on Gut Microbiota, Inflammation, and Symptoms in Parkinson's Disease: A Randomized Clinical Trial"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"40","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5794-7540","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Valentina","family":"Leta","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Basic and Clinical Neuroscience 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