{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,29]],"date-time":"2026-09-29T16:43:23Z","timestamp":1790700203700,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":86,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,17]],"date-time":"2025-10-17T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1760659200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,17]],"date-time":"2025-10-17T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1760659200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003196","name":"Ministero della Salute","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["Current Research 2025"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["Current Research 2025"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003196","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["movementdisorders.onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Movement Disorders"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Bradykinesia is the hallmark sign of parkinsonism. We recently proposed redefining bradykinesia as a complex of motor abnormalities, each reflecting\u00a0separate pathophysiological elements.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>To analyze the \u2018bradykinesia complex\u2019 in Parkinson's disease (PD) and healthy elderly individuals.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>We conducted a finger\u2010tapping kinematic analysis in 350 individuals (192 PD patients OFF medication and 158 healthy controls). A subsample of 129 patients was also tested ON medication. Group comparisons were followed by unsupervised clustering. Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) analyses defined optimal kinematic cut\u2010offs to detect individual motor abnormalities. We then quantified the prevalence and combinations of these features per subject. Using Bayes' theorem, we estimated the probability of PD based on the observed combination of bradykinesia features. Regression analyses served to identify predictors of kinematic alterations.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Patients exhibited reduced velocity and amplitude as well as altered rhythm and sequence effect compared with controls (all\n                      <jats:italic>P\u2010<\/jats:italic>\n                      values\u2009&lt;\u20090.001). Cluster analysis revealed substantial group overlap. ROC analyses showed that bradykinesia (movement slowness) was the most common and accurate feature for distinguishing PD, with its diagnostic power improving when combined with other motor abnormalities (hypokinesia, dysrhythmia, sequence effect). The likelihood of correctly identifying PD increased with the number of observed abnormalities, reaching up to 95% when all features were present. Levodopa improved motor performance, but the motor abnormality patterns remained unchanged.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      The detailed bradykinesia features assessment was crucial for differentiating PD individuals from controls. Diagnostic accuracy requires considering multiple motor abnormalities together, irrespective of the specific combination. Advancing our understanding of the \u2018bradykinesia complex\u2019 has clinical and pathophysiological implications. \u00a9 2025 The Author(s).\n                      <jats:italic>Movement Disorders<\/jats:italic>\n                      published by Wiley Periodicals LLC on behalf of International Parkinson and Movement Disorder Society.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/mds.70082","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,17]],"date-time":"2025-10-17T09:56:31Z","timestamp":1760694991000},"page":"143-155","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":10,"title":["Analyzing the \u2018Bradykinesia Complex\u2019 in Parkinson's Disease"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"41","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7760-9442","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Giulia","family":"Paparella","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"IRCCS Neuromed  Pozzilli Italy"},{"name":"Neurophysiopathology Unit, Department of Translational Biomedicine and Neuroscience, University of Bari Aldo Moro  Bari Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0002-2518-4259","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Martina","family":"De Riggi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Human Neurosciences Sapienza University of Rome  Rome Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1653-706X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Antonio","family":"Cannavacciuolo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"IRCCS Neuromed  Pozzilli Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0004-8000-1886","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Daniele","family":"Birreci","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Human Neurosciences Sapienza University of Rome  Rome Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0008-6299-4449","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Davide","family":"Costa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Human Neurosciences Sapienza University of Rome  Rome Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6601-7476","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Luca","family":"Angelini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"IRCCS Neuromed  Pozzilli Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0003-0386-5237","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Danilo","family":"Alunni Fegatelli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Life Sciences, Health and Health Professions Link Campus University  Rome Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5346-0180","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alfonso","family":"Fasano","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedical Sciences Humanitas University  Milan Italy"},{"name":"IRCCS Humanitas Research Hospital  Milan Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3389-136X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alberto J.","family":"Espay","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"James J. and Joan A. 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