{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,20]],"date-time":"2026-09-20T17:11:48Z","timestamp":1789924308702,"version":"4.0.1"},"reference-count":50,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,7]],"date-time":"2025-11-07T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1762473600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,7]],"date-time":"2025-11-07T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1762473600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000055","name":"National Institute on Deafness and Other Communication Disorders","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["R01DC019353"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R01DC019353"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000055","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["movementdisorders.onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Movement Disorders"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,2]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background and objective<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Laryngeal dystonia (LD) is a focal task\u2010specific dystonia, affecting speaking but not whispering or emotional vocalizations. Therapeutic options for LD are limited. We developed and tested a non\u2010invasive, closed\u2010loop, neurofeedback, brain\u2013computer interface (BCI) intervention for LD treatment.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Ten patients with isolated focal LD participated in the study. The personalized BCI system included visual neurofeedback of individual real\u2010time electroencephalographic (EEG) activity during symptomatic speaking compared to\u00a0asymptomatic whispering, presented in the virtual reality (VR) environment of real\u2010life scenarios. During five consecutive days of intervention, patients used the BCI to learn to modulate their abnormally increased brain activity during speaking and match it to near\u2010normal activity of asymptomatic whispering. Changes in voice symptoms and EEG activity were quantified for the evaluation of BCI effects.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Compared to baseline, LD patients had a statistically significant reduction of their voice symptoms on Days 1\u20135 of BCI intervention. Thi\u00a0was paralleled by improved controllability of the visual neurofeedback and a significant reduction of left frontal delta power, including superior and middle frontal gyri, on Day 1 and left central gamma power, including premotor, primary sensorimotor, and inferior parietal areas, on Days 3 and 5. The majority of patients (70%) reported sustained positive effects of the BCI intervention on their voice quality 1 week after the study participation.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The closed\u2010loop BCI neurofeedback intervention specifically targeting disorder pathophysiology shows significant potential as a novel treatment option for patients with LD and likely other forms of task\u2010specific focal dystonia. \u00a9 2025 International Parkinson and Movement Disorder Society.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/mds.70114","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,8]],"date-time":"2025-11-08T06:41:36Z","timestamp":1762584096000},"page":"406-415","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Brain\u2013Computer Interface Improves Symptoms of Isolated Focal Laryngeal Dystonia: A Single\u2010Blind Study"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"41","author":[{"given":"Stefan K.","family":"Ehrlich","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Otolaryngology \u2010 Head and Neck Surgery Massachusetts Eye and Ear, Harvard Medical School  Boston Massachusetts USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Garrett","family":"Tougas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Otolaryngology \u2010 Head and Neck Surgery Massachusetts Eye and Ear, Harvard Medical School  Boston Massachusetts USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jacob","family":"Bernstein","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Otolaryngology \u2010 Head and Neck Surgery Massachusetts Eye and Ear, Harvard Medical School  Boston Massachusetts 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