{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,25]],"date-time":"2026-08-25T15:13:51Z","timestamp":1787670831337,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":42,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,29]],"date-time":"2025-11-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1764374400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,29]],"date-time":"2025-11-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1764374400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["movementdisorders.onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Movement Disorders"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,3]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Previous studies suggest an association between bipolar disorder (BD) and an increased risk of Parkinson's disease (PD), but the long\u2010term temporal relationship remains unclear. Particularly, it is unclear whether the risk of PD is influenced by the duration since BD diagnosis.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The aim was to examine the association between BD and PD across time windows extending up to 35\u2009years before PD diagnosis.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This nationwide, register\u2010based, nested case\u2013control study from Finland included 22,189 incident PD patients diagnosed between 1996 and 2015 and 148,009 age\u2010, sex\u2010, and region\u2010matched controls. BD diagnoses from 1972 up to the PD diagnosis date (index date) were identified from health\u2010care registers. Conditional logistic regression was used to estimate the association between BD and PD in various exposure windows with a 0\u2010 to 35\u2010year lag. Main analyses considered BD diagnosed at least 8\u2009years before the index date (8\u2010year lag).<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>BD was diagnosed before the index date in 172 (0.87%) PD patients and 509 (0.34%) controls. Elevated PD risk was evident already with a 20\u2010year lag between BD and PD diagnoses, with a trend toward increased risk even at 30\u2009years. In the main analysis using the 8\u2010year lag, BD diagnosis was associated with over a twofold higher relative risk of PD (adjusted odds ratio, 95% confidence interval: 2.32, 1.85\u20132.91).<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      BD is associated with a significantly elevated risk of PD, observable decades before PD onset. These findings suggest that BD may reflect a long\u2010term vulnerability to PD rather than a short\u2010term prodromal state, emphasizing the need to explore shared pathophysiological mechanisms. \u00a9 2025 The Author(s).\n                      <jats:italic>Movement Disorders<\/jats:italic>\n                      published by Wiley Periodicals LLC on behalf of International Parkinson and Movement Disorder Society.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/mds.70135","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,29]],"date-time":"2025-11-29T12:55:17Z","timestamp":1764420917000},"page":"690-698","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Bipolar Disorder as a Long\u2010Term Risk Factor for Parkinson's Disease: A Nationwide Case\u2013Control Study"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"41","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8003-1346","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Elina","family":"Jaakkola","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Clinical Neurosciences University of Turku  Turku Finland"},{"name":"Neurocenter Turku University Hospital  Turku Finland"},{"name":"Department of Psychiatry University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital  Helsinki Finland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marjaana","family":"Koponen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Health Sciences University of Eastern Finland  Kuopio Finland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3446-7093","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Valtteri","family":"Kaasinen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Clinical Neurosciences University of Turku  Turku Finland"},{"name":"Neurocenter Turku University 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