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For each condition, bilateral local field potentials were recorded, and motor function was evaluated using the Movement Disorder Society Unified Parkinson's Disease Rating Scale Part\n                      <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">III.<\/jats:styled-content>\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Both levodopa and stimulation improved motor scores (\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009&lt;\u20090.01) and reduced low \u03b2 activity (13\u201320\u2009Hz). High \u03b2 activity (21\u201330\u2009Hz) decreased only during stimulation (\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009&lt;\u20090.01). Finely tuned \u03b3 (\n                      <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">FTG<\/jats:styled-content>\n                      ) oscillations (60\u201390\u2009Hz) appeared most often during combined therapy (68.2%), with peak frequencies entrained to half the stimulation frequency in 93.3% of electrodes, except under 180\u2009Hz stimulation. During intravenous levodopa infusion,\n                      <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">FTG<\/jats:styled-content>\n                      emerged with a median latency of 14.3\u2009minutes, frequently before peak plasma levels, and declined in frequency over time. Changes in\n                      <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">FTG<\/jats:styled-content>\n                      power correlated with motor improvement (\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009&lt;\u20090.05), whereas placebo had no effect.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Levodopa and stimulation exert distinct but complementary effects on oscillatory activity.\n                      <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">FTG<\/jats:styled-content>\n                      , rather than \u03b2 power alone, reflected therapeutic state and was associated with motor improvement without dyskinesia. These findings highlight\n                      <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">FTG<\/jats:styled-content>\n                      as a potential biomarker for adaptive stimulation systems in\n                      <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">PD<\/jats:styled-content>\n                      . \u00a9 2026 International Parkinson and Movement Disorder Society.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/mds.70196","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,19]],"date-time":"2026-01-19T11:00:47Z","timestamp":1768820447000},"page":"1152-1162","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Contrasting Effects of Deep Brain Stimulation and Intravenous Levodopa on Local Field Potentials"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"41","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9408-7893","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hikaru","family":"Kamo","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology, Fixel Institute for Neurological Diseases University of Florida  Gainesville Florida USA"},{"name":"Department of Neurology, Faculty of Medicine Juntendo University  Tokyo Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jackson N.","family":"Cagle","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology, Fixel Institute for Neurological Diseases University of Florida  Gainesville Florida USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kara A.","family":"Johnson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology, Fixel Institute for Neurological Diseases University of Florida  Gainesville Florida USA"},{"name":"Department of Neurosurgery University of Florida  Gainesville 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