{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,25]],"date-time":"2026-09-25T15:01:16Z","timestamp":1790348476250,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":39,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,24]],"date-time":"2026-01-24T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1769212800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,24]],"date-time":"2026-01-24T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1769212800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["movementdisorders.onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Movement Disorders"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,4]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    The association between alcohol consumption and Parkinson's disease (PD) risk remains unclear, whereas smoking has an inverse relationship with the disease. This study systematically reviewed and meta\u2010analyzed 16 studies (2014\u20132024) from PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science, MEDLINE, and the Cochrane Library to assess the relationship between alcohol intake and PD risk, examining sex differences, dose\u2013response patterns, smoking interactions, and genetic factors. Alcohol consumption was classified as low, moderate, or heavy, considering beverage type, sex, smoking status, and gene\u2013environment interactions. Random\u2010effects meta\u2010analyses were used to evaluate sex\u2010stratified and subtype\u2010specific associations. PD progression, Mendelian randomization (MR), and gene\u2013environment results were narratively synthesized. Sex\u2010stratified analyses showed inverse associations between alcohol consumption and PD risk versus non\u2010drinkers (lifetime relative risk [LRR]\u2009=\u2009\u22120.35 to \u22120.62), with significant effects in women and no association in low\u2010level drinkers. Subtype analyses indicated protective effects for liquor (RR\u2009=\u2009\u22120.12) and wine (RR\u2009=\u2009\u22120.16), but not for low\u2010level drinkers. Combined alcohol and smoking exposure produced the greatest PD risk reduction (LRR\u2009=\u2009\u22120.37), with pooled estimates confirming an inverse association (LRR\u2009=\u2009\u22120.20,\n                    <jats:italic>I<\/jats:italic>\n                    <jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup>\n                    \u2009=\u200990.1%). However, MR and gene\u2013environment studies showed inconsistent evidence. Light\u2010to\u2010moderate alcohol consumption, particularly wine and liquor, may reduce PD risk, with the strongest effects when combined with smoking. These findings highlight the combined effects of sex, genetic susceptibility, and lifestyle factors. Further longitudinal and MR studies stratified by sex and genotype are needed to elucidate the mechanisms; however, smoking cannot be recommended due to its detrimental effects. \u00a9 2026 The Author(s).\n                    <jats:italic>Movement Disorders<\/jats:italic>\n                    published by Wiley Periodicals LLC on behalf of International Parkinson and Movement Disorder Society.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/mds.70200","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,24]],"date-time":"2026-01-24T09:40:53Z","timestamp":1769247653000},"page":"843-855","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Impact of Alcohol Intake on Parkinson's Disease Risk and Progression: A Systematic Review and Dose\u2013Response Meta\u2010Analysis of Prospective Studies"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"41","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0001-3322-1091","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sahar","family":"Hemeda","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology, Medical School University of P\u00e9cs  P\u00e9cs Hungary"},{"name":"Faculty of Public and Environmental Health University of Khartoum  Khartoum Sudan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3398-3109","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mohammed","family":"Elmadani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Doctoral School of Health Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences University of P\u00e9cs  P\u00e9cs Hungary"},{"name":"Department of Epidemiology, Faculty of Public Health University of El Imam El Mahdi  Kosti Sudan"},{"name":"Jamhuriya Research Centre Jamhuriya University of Science and Technology (JUST)  Mogadishu Somalia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4019-6290","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mohammed","family":"Merzah","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Public Health and Epidemiology, Faculty of General Medicine University of Debrecen  Debrecen Hungary"},{"name":"Department of Community Health, Technical Institute of Karbala Al\u2010Furat Al\u2010Awsat Technical University  Kufa Iraq"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0003-5714-2624","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Aseel","family":"Odeh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Public Health and Epidemiology, Faculty of General Medicine University of Debrecen  Debrecen Hungary"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Evelyn","family":"Pint\u00e9r","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology, Medical School University of P\u00e9cs  P\u00e9cs Hungary"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Istv\u00e1n","family":"Bal\u00e1s","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurosurgery, Medical School University of P\u00e9cs  P\u00e9cs Hungary"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"J\u00f3zsef","family":"Janszky","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology, Medical School University of P\u00e9cs  P\u00e9cs Hungary"},{"name":"ELKH\u2010PTE Clinical Neuroscience MR Research Group  P\u00e9cs Hungary"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0734-6878","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"D\u00e1vid","family":"Pint\u00e9r","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology, Medical School University of P\u00e9cs  P\u00e9cs Hungary"},{"name":"ELKH\u2010PTE Clinical Neuroscience MR Research Group  P\u00e9cs 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