{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,15]],"date-time":"2026-10-15T16:44:46Z","timestamp":1792082686313,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":35,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,9]],"date-time":"2026-03-09T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1773014400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,9]],"date-time":"2026-03-09T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1773014400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000024","name":"Canadian Institutes of Health Research","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000024","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["movementdisorders.onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Movement Disorders"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,7]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Dystonia in children is a heterogeneous condition with variable response to deep brain stimulation (DBS). Brain\u2010age gap, a machine learning\u2010derived metric of structural deviation from norm, may capture signatures that differentiate underlying biotypes and predict outcomes.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>A brain age model was trained on several thousand normative developmental trajectories (n\u2009=\u20092623). Brain\u2010age gap (the difference between predicted and chronological age) was computed from pre\u2010DBS T1\u2010weighted magnetic resonance imaging in 37 children with dystonia and compared to matched healthy controls. Associations with etiology, Burke\u2013Fahn\u2013Marsden Dystonia Rating Scale (BFMDRS) and Pediatric Quality\u2010of\u2010Life (PedsQL) scores were examined.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Children with dystonia showed a greater brain\u2010age gap (structural deviation) compared to controls (\n                      <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009&lt;\u20090.001). Greater gap was linked to worse baseline motor scores and poorer 1\u2010year quality\u2010of\u2010life improvement. Patterns differed by etiology, with distinct regional deviations in genetic and acquired dystonia.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Brain\u2010age modeling reveals biologically distinct subtypes of pediatric dystonia and may offer a biomarker for stratification and outcome prediction. \u00a9 2026 The Author(s).\n                      <jats:italic>Movement Disorders<\/jats:italic>\n                      published by Wiley Periodicals LLC on behalf of International Parkinson and Movement Disorder Society.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/mds.70262","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,9]],"date-time":"2026-03-09T07:36:19Z","timestamp":1773041779000},"page":"1871-1876","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["The Brain\u2010Age Gap in Pediatric Dystonia: Neuroanatomical Deviations Inform Deep Brain Stimulation Outcomes"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"41","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8501-6890","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Timur H.","family":"Latypov","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Neurosciences and Mental Health SickKids Research Institute  Toronto Ontario Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alexandre","family":"Berger","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Neurosciences and Mental Health SickKids Research Institute  Toronto Ontario Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Manuela","family":"Mohareb","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Neurosciences and Mental Health SickKids Research Institute  Toronto Ontario Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8094-3070","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Karim","family":"Mithani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Neurosciences and Mental Health SickKids Research Institute  Toronto Ontario Canada"},{"name":"Division of Neurosurgery The Hospital for Sick Children  Toronto Ontario Canada"},{"name":"Institute of Biomedical Engineering University of Toronto  Toronto Ontario Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0006-4162-2537","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sara","family":"Breitbart","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Neurosurgery The Hospital for Sick Children  Toronto Ontario Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lindsey M.","family":"Vogt","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Neurology The Hospital for Sick Children  Toronto Ontario Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7009-9099","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Thiemo","family":"Dinger","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Neurosurgery The Hospital for Sick Children  Toronto Ontario Canada"},{"name":"Department of Neurosurgery and Spine Surgery University Hospital of Essen  Essen Germany"},{"name":"Center for Translational Neuroscience and Behavioral Science (C\u2010TNBS), University of Duisburg\u2010Essen  Essen Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Inge","family":"Meijer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Neurology Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Sainte\u2010Justine  Montreal Quebec Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alexander G.","family":"Weil","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Neurosurgery Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Sainte\u2010Justine  Montreal Quebec Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alfonso","family":"Fasano","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Neurology The Hospital for Sick Children  Toronto Ontario Canada"},{"name":"Krembil Brain Institute University Health Network  Toronto Ontario Canada"},{"name":"Edmond J. 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