{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,12]],"date-time":"2026-10-12T07:48:49Z","timestamp":1791791329307,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":56,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,7]],"date-time":"2026-06-07T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1780790400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,7]],"date-time":"2026-06-07T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1780790400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000864","name":"Michael J. Fox Foundation for Parkinson's Research","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000864","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["movementdisorders.onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Movement Disorders"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,9]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Cumulative head trauma, encompassing repetitive head impacts (RHI) and traumatic brain injury (TBI), has been associated with later\u2010life neurodegenerative disease. Studies on parkinsonism\/Parkinson's disease (PD) have evaluated RHI and TBI in isolation, yielding mixed results. Cumulative head trauma may better predict PD risk.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>To examine independent and cumulative effects of RHI through soccer participation and TBI history on PD diagnosis and age at diagnosis.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>We used a cross\u2010sectional cohort design with data from the Fox Insight study. Participants completed self\u2010report questionnaires on PD diagnosis, TBI (no TBI, TBI with loss of consciousness [LOC], TBI without LOC), and sport participation. Multivariable logistic regressions examined the effects of soccer, TBI group, and their interaction on PD diagnosis. Cox proportional hazards examined associations with time to PD diagnosis. Covariates included age, sex, race, education, income, body mass index, heart disease\/diabetes, and family PD history.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Among 1231 participants (mean[SD] age = 66.12[10.60]), 278 played soccer (953 non\u2013contact and collision sport [CCS] athletes). Participants reported no TBI (390[33%]), TBI without LOC (495[43%]), or TBI with LOC (258[23%]). Overall, 768(62%) reported a PD diagnosis (mean[SD] age at diagnosis\u2009=\u200959.02[9.86]). A significant soccer \u00d7 TBI interaction indicated that soccer players with TBI with LOC had 2.6\u00d7 higher odds of PD compared to non\u2010CCS athletes without TBI (OR [95% CI]\u2009=\u20092.600[1.085\u20136.305],\n                      <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u20090.033). Former soccer players with TBI with LOC had a 15.6% higher hazard of early PD diagnosis (HR\u2009=\u20091.469,\n                      <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u20090.027) compared to non\u2010CCS athletes with no TBI.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Cumulative head trauma (RHI\u2009+\u2009TBI) increased PD risk and lowered age at onset. \u00a9 2026 The Author(s).\n                      <jats:italic>Movement Disorders<\/jats:italic>\n                      published by Wiley Periodicals LLC on behalf of International Parkinson and Movement Disorder Society.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/mds.70380","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,8]],"date-time":"2026-06-08T06:33:07Z","timestamp":1780900387000},"page":"2325-2337","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Associations Between Cumulative Head Trauma and Self\u2010Reported Parkinsonism and Parkinson's Disease in Former Soccer Players"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"41","author":[{"given":"Annalise E.","family":"Miner","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Boston University CTE Center and Alzheimer's Disease Research Center Boston University Chobanian &amp; Avedisian School of Medicine  Boston Massachusetts USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Matthew J.","family":"Kmiecik","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"23andMe Research Institute  Palo Alto California USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Niharika","family":"Namburi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Harrisburg University of Science and Technology  Harrisburg Pennsylvania USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nathaniel","family":"Dunckley","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Boston University College of Arts and Sciences, Boston University  Boston Massachusetts USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Charles H.","family":"Adler","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Mayo Clinic Arizona  Scottsdale Arizona USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Erika D.","family":"Driver\u2010Dunckley","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Mayo Clinic Arizona  Scottsdale Arizona USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Christopher J.","family":"Nowinski","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Concussion Legacy Foundation  Boston Massachusetts USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Joshua","family":"Gottesman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The Michael J. Fox Foundation for Parkinson's Research  New York New York USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yorghos","family":"Tripodis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biostatistics Boston University School of Public Health  Boston Massachusetts USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Robert A.","family":"Stern","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Boston University CTE Center and Alzheimer's Disease Research Center Boston University Chobanian &amp; Avedisian School of Medicine  Boston Massachusetts USA"},{"name":"Department of Neurology Boston University Chobanian &amp; Avedisian School of Medicine  Boston Massachusetts USA"},{"name":"Department of Neurosurgery University Chobanian &amp; Avedisian School of Medicine  Boston Massachusetts USA"},{"name":"Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology Boston University Chobanian &amp; Avedisian School of Medicine  Boston Massachusetts 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Alzheimer's Disease Research Center Boston University Chobanian &amp; Avedisian School of Medicine  Boston Massachusetts USA"},{"name":"Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine Boston University Chobanian &amp; Avedisian School of Medicine  Boston Massachusetts USA"},{"name":"U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs Bedford Veterans Affairs Medical Center  Bedford Massachusetts USA"},{"name":"Framingham Heart Study Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine  Boston Massachusetts USA"},{"name":"United States Department of Veteran Affairs Veterans Affairs Boston Healthcare System  Boston Massachusetts USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jesse","family":"Mez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Boston University CTE Center and Alzheimer's Disease Research Center Boston University Chobanian &amp; Avedisian School of Medicine  Boston Massachusetts USA"},{"name":"Department of Neurology Boston University Chobanian &amp; 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