{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,10]],"date-time":"2026-08-10T06:30:16Z","timestamp":1786343416608,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":59,"publisher":"Wiley","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,9]],"date-time":"2026-08-09T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1786233600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,9]],"date-time":"2026-08-09T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1786233600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["movementdisorders.onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Movement Disorders"],"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Exposure to environmental agents, including viral infections, may increase Parkinson's disease (PD) susceptibility, especially in males, but the neurodegenerative risk extent of COVID\u201019 remains uncertain.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objectives<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>We investigated the plausible link between severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS\u2010CoV\u20102) infection and PD susceptibility across sexes.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Mice overexpressing the human angiotensin\u2010converting enzyme 2 receptor (K18\u2010hACE2) were exposed to SARS\u2010CoV\u20102 or 1\u2010methyl\u20104\u2010phenyl\u20101,2,3,6\u2010tetrahydropyridine (MPTP) doses. This was followed by a two\u2010hit experiment in which mice received a moderate MPTP dose and SARS\u2010CoV\u20102 11\u2009days post\u2010MPTP. Striatal viral titer was measured 4\u2009days postinfection (dpi). After 14 dpi, striatal dopamine and its metabolites (3,4\u2010dihydroxyphenylacetic acid, 3\u2010methoxytyramine, homovanillic acid), nigrostriatal degeneration, and glial responses in males and females were compared.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Only in males, SARS\u2010CoV\u20102 resulted in progressive dopamine metabolic dysregulation by day 21. Coexposed females showed less weight loss than males. Coexposed males showed significant nigrostriatal degeneration, together with robust nigral astrocytic and microglial reactivity exceeding individual effects. In females, MPTP and\/or SARS\u2010CoV\u20102 had minimal effects on dopamine and its metabolism, degeneration, and microglial reactivity, whereas coexposure was associated with significant nigral astrocytic reactivity. In coexposed males, striatal microglia showed enhanced territorial spacing, whereas in females, they became more clustered, possibly because of an enrichment of cells with larger soma and retracted processes. In males, single or dual exposure stressed degenerating dopamine neurons to shrink and dilate their Golgi bodies, more prominently in the coexposed group.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      This study reports the sex\u2010dependent COVID\u201019 effects on mice prodromal PD with a differential glial contribution, supporting glial\u2010 and sex\u2010based medical approaches. \u00a9 2026 The Author(s).\n                      <jats:italic>Movement Disorders<\/jats:italic>\n                      published by Wiley Periodicals LLC on behalf of International Parkinson and Movement Disorder Society.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  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