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Over four decades, the discipline has transformed from clinic\u2010based descriptive observations into population\u2010based methodologies, with both genetic and environmental factors taken into consideration. The initial decade (1986\u20131995) established foundational measures of movement disorders and identified key environmental risks. These clinic\u2010based studies expanded during the second decade (1996\u20132005) into door\u2010to\u2010door community prevalence studies and health services research utilizing administrative databases. The third decade (2006\u20132015) marked a paradigm shift driven by genetic epidemiology (particularly the mapping of global\n                    <jats:italic>LRRK2<\/jats:italic>\n                    variants), gene\u2013environment interactions, and the characterization of prodromal biomarkers. The modern era (2016\u20132025) has embraced race\u2010ethnicity diversity, pharmacoepidemiology, and advanced causal inference methods to control for time\u2010varying factors. Together, these epidemiological works in\n                    <jats:italic>MDJ<\/jats:italic>\n                    chart a historical trajectory toward precision medicine, delivering the infrastructure to define at\u2010risk populations and deploy trial\u2010ready cohorts for disease\u2010modification trials. \u00a9 2026 International Parkinson and Movement Disorder Society.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/mds.70489","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,17]],"date-time":"2026-08-17T05:59:28Z","timestamp":1786946368000},"page":"2608-2614","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Evolution of Epidemiological Studies in Movement Disorders"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"41","author":[{"given":"Raymond Y.","family":"Lo","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Dementia Care, St. Mary's Hospital  Taitung Taiwan"},{"name":"Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine National Dong Hwa University  Hualien Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tamara","family":"Pringsheim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Psychiatry, Pediatrics and Community Health Sciences University of Calgary  Calgary Alberta Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Connie","family":"Marras","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Edmond J. 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