{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,1]],"date-time":"2026-09-01T02:17:56Z","timestamp":1788229076775,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":69,"publisher":"Wiley","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,26]],"date-time":"2026-08-26T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1787702400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,26]],"date-time":"2026-08-26T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1787702400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001711","name":"Schweizerischer Nationalfonds zur F\u00f6rderung der Wissenschaftlichen Forschung","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["PZ00P3_202166"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PZ00P3_202166"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001711","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["movementdisorders.onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Movement Disorders"],"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Sleep architecture and circadian rhythms are frequently disrupted in Parkinson's disease (PD). BrainSense\u2010enabled neurostimulators combined with wearable technology enable chronic assessment of nocturnal brain activity, with potential for future diagnostics and personalized treatments.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objectives<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>To neurophysiologically characterize and decode sleep architecture and circadian rhythmicity from ambulatory subthalamic nucleus (STN) recordings in PD and to evaluate the influence of clinical factors.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Eighteen PD patients implanted with the Medtronic Percept system underwent 4\u20138\u2009weeks of ambulatory STN local field potential recordings, alongside wearable\u2010based sleep monitoring. Spectral dynamics of three biomarkers (low\u2010frequency\u2010, beta\u2010, and finely\u2010tuned\u2010gamma [FTG]\u2010activity) were characterized across circadian cycles and sleep stages (Awake, Core, Deep, REM [rapid eye movement]). Machine\u2010learning classifiers were developed for state decoding.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>A total of 3140\u2009hr of representative sleep data were analyzed. All biomarkers exhibited circadian modulation, most evident in beta and FTG activity. REM sleep and nocturnal wakefulness were associated with increased beta\/FTG, whereas Deep sleep showed increased low\u2010frequency and reduced beta\/FTG. Classifiers showed that beta and FTG decoded circadian states, while low\u2010frequency identified Deep sleep. Bilateral biomarker combination improved prediction. Clinically, greater motor impairment correlated with reduced REM beta power. Levodopa dosage and electrocardiogram artefacts influenced beta\u2010based predictions, whereas age and sleep quality affected FTG\u2010related predictions.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      This proof\u2010of\u2010concept study demonstrates that ambulatory basal ganglia recordings from implantable neurostimulators can capture key aspects of sleep stage architecture in PD. Distinct spectral biomarkers show differential sleep insights and practical utility, supporting the development of diagnostic tools and sleep\u2010informed adaptive deep brain stimulation. \u00a9 2026 The Author(s).\n                      <jats:italic>Movement Disorders<\/jats:italic>\n                      published by Wiley Periodicals LLC on behalf of International Parkinson and Movement Disorder Society.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/mds.70493","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,27]],"date-time":"2026-08-27T01:40:07Z","timestamp":1787794807000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Decoding Sleep Architecture from Ambulatory Basal Ganglia Signals in Parkinson's Disease"],"prefix":"10.1002","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9738-1281","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alberto","family":"Averna","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology Bern University Hospital and University of Bern  Bern Switzerland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Elena","family":"Bernasconi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology Bern University Hospital and University of Bern  Bern Switzerland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Aaron","family":"Colombo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology Bern University Hospital and University of Bern  Bern Switzerland"},{"name":"ARTORG Center for Biomedical Engineering Research University of Bern  Bern Switzerland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Laura","family":"Alva","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology Bern University Hospital and University of Bern  Bern Switzerland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mario","family":"Sousa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology Bern University Hospital and University of Bern  Bern Switzerland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Michael","family":"Schuepbach","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Neurology  Konolfingen Switzerland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1709-2963","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ines","family":"Debove","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology Bern University Hospital and University of Bern  Bern Switzerland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Georg","family":"K\u00e4gi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology Bern University Hospital and University of Bern  Bern Switzerland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Andreas","family":"Nowacki","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurosurgery Bern University Hospital and University of Bern  Bern Switzerland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Claudio","family":"Pollo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurosurgery Bern University Hospital and University of Bern  Bern Switzerland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lenard","family":"Lachenmayer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology Bern University Hospital and University of Bern  Bern Switzerland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Paul","family":"Krack","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology Bern University Hospital and University of Bern  Bern 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