{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,24]],"date-time":"2026-09-24T02:58:55Z","timestamp":1790218735131,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":55,"publisher":"Wiley","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,23]],"date-time":"2026-09-23T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1790121600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,23]],"date-time":"2026-09-23T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1790121600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["movementdisorders.onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Movement Disorders"],"abstract":"Abstract<\/jats:title>\n \n Background<\/jats:title>\n Evidence regarding the association between long\u2010term exposure to ambient air pollution and Parkinson's disease (PD) remains inconsistent, particularly among older adults in Asian populations.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Objective<\/jats:title>\n We aimed to examine the association between long\u2010term exposure to ambient air pollutants and incident PD in a nationwide administrative cohort of older adults in South Korea.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Methods<\/jats:title>\n \n We analyzed 5.3 million adults aged \u226565\u2009years from the Korean National Health Insurance Database (2010\u20132019). Incident PD was ascertained using nationwide insurance claims data, requiring hospitalization or repeated outpatient diagnoses. District\u2010level annual concentrations of fine particulate matter (PM\n 2.5<\/jats:sub>\n ), nitrogen dioxide (NO\n 2<\/jats:sub>\n ), and ozone (O\n 3<\/jats:sub>\n ) were estimated using the Community Multiscale Air Quality model. Time\u2010varying Cox proportional hazards models were used to estimate hazard ratios (HRs) per interquartile range (IQR) increase in a 1\u2010year moving\u2010average exposure, adjusting for individual\u2010 and district\u2010level covariates.\n <\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Results<\/jats:title>\n \n During follow\u2010up, 143,557 PD cases were identified. In fully adjusted models, each IQR increase in PM\n 2.5<\/jats:sub>\n (4.3\u2009\u03bcg\/m\n 3<\/jats:sup>\n ) and O\n 3<\/jats:sub>\n (7.3\u2009ppb) was associated with a modestly increased PD incidence (PM\n 2.5<\/jats:sub>\n : HR\u2009=\u20091.018, 95% CI: 1.008\u20131.028; O\n 3<\/jats:sub>\n : HR\u2009=\u20091.019, 95% CI: 1.006\u20131.033). However, NO\n 2<\/jats:sub>\n showed an inverse association after full adjustment. Effect modification by demographic or clinical characteristics was not statistically significant.\n <\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n \n Long\u2010term exposure to PM\n 2.5<\/jats:sub>\n and O\n 3<\/jats:sub>\n was associated with a small but statistically significant increase in PD incidence among older adults in Korea. These findings are consistent with a possible association between air pollution and the etiology of neurodegenerative diseases, although effect sizes were modest and should be interpreted with caution. \u00a9 2026 The Author(s).\n Movement Disorders<\/jats:italic>\n published by Wiley Periodicals LLC on behalf of International Parkinson and Movement Disorder Society.\n <\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/mds.70518","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,24]],"date-time":"2026-09-24T01:59:41Z","timestamp":1790215181000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Association Between Long\u2010Term Exposure to Air Pollution and Parkinson's Disease: Administrative Cohort of Older Adults in South Korea"],"prefix":"10.1002","author":[{"given":"Jongmin","family":"Oh","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, College of Medicine Ewha Womans University Seoul Republic of Korea"},{"name":"Institute of Ewha\u2010SCL for Environmental Health (IESEH), College of Medicine, Ewha Womans University Seoul Republic of Korea"},{"name":"Ewha Medical Research Institute, College of Medicine, Ewha Womans University Seoul Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jisun","family":"Myung","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"SNU Medical Research Center, College of Medicine Seoul National University Seoul Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dong\u2010Wook","family":"Lee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Preventive Medicine, College of Medicine Seoul National University Seoul Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Changwoo","family":"Han","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Preventive Medicine Chungnam National University College of Medicine Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yun\u2010Chul","family":"Hong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Environmental Medicine, Medical Research Center, Seoul National University Seoul Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Soontae","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Environmental and Safety Engineering Ajou University Suwon Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yoon\u2010Hee","family":"Kang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Environmental Research Institute Ajou University Suwon Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hyun\u2010Joo","family":"Bae","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Environmental Health Korea Environment Institute Sejong Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Youn\u2010Hee","family":"Lim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Preventive Medicine, College of Medicine Seoul National University Seoul Republic of Korea"},{"name":"Department of Public Health University of Copenhagen Copenhagen Denmark"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,23]]},"reference":[{"issue":"12","key":"e_1_2_9_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1257","DOI":"10.1016\/S1474-4422(16)30230-7","article-title":"The epidemiology of Parkinson's disease: risk factors and prevention","volume":"15","author":"Ascherio A","year":"2016","journal-title":"Lancet Neurol"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14","DOI":"10.3389\/fpubh.2020.00014","article-title":"Environmental and health impacts of air pollution: a review","volume":"8","author":"Manisalidis I","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front Public Health"},{"issue":"9","key":"e_1_2_9_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"506","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tins.2009.05.009","article-title":"Air pollution: mechanisms of neuroinflammation and CNS disease","volume":"32","author":"Block ML","year":"2009","journal-title":"Trends Neurosci"},{"issue":"1","key":"e_1_2_9_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"91","DOI":"10.1016\/j.etp.2009.02.117","article-title":"Urban air pollution: influences on olfactory function and pathology in exposed children and young adults","volume":"62","author":"Calderon\u2010Garciduenas L","year":"2010","journal-title":"Exp Toxicol Pathol"},{"issue":"2","key":"e_1_2_9_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"279","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nbd.2009.01.016","article-title":"A highly reproducible rotenone model of Parkinson's disease","volume":"34","author":"Cannon JR","year":"2009","journal-title":"Neurobiol Dis"},{"issue":"8","key":"e_1_2_9_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1149","DOI":"10.1289\/ehp.1002986","article-title":"Diesel exhaust activates and primes microglia: air pollution, neuroinflammation, and regulation of dopaminergic neurotoxicity","volume":"119","author":"Levesque S","year":"2011","journal-title":"Environ Health Perspect"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1038\/srep44741","article-title":"Short\u2010term air pollution exposure aggravates Parkinson's disease in a population\u2010based cohort","volume":"7","author":"Lee H","year":"2017","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"issue":"1","key":"e_1_2_9_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1186\/1476-069X-13-38","article-title":"A national case\u2010crossover analysis of the short\u2010term effect of PM2.5 on hospitalizations and mortality in subjects with diabetes and neurological disorders","volume":"13","author":"Zanobetti A","year":"2014","journal-title":"Environ Health"},{"issue":"3","key":"e_1_2_9_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1097\/EE9.0000000000000023","article-title":"Residential exposure to air pollution and incidence of Parkinson's disease in a large metropolitan cohort","volume":"2","author":"Cerza F","year":"2018","journal-title":"Environ Epidemiol"},{"issue":"7","key":"e_1_2_9_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"800","DOI":"10.1001\/jamaneurol.2021.1335","article-title":"Association of NO2 and other air pollution exposures with the risk of Parkinson disease","volume":"78","author":"Jo S","year":"2021","journal-title":"JAMA Neurol"},{"issue":"1","key":"e_1_2_9_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"23","DOI":"10.1289\/ehp.1408973","article-title":"Long\u2010term PM2.5 exposure and neurological hospital admissions in the northeastern United States","volume":"124","author":"Kioumourtzoglou MA","year":"2016","journal-title":"Environ Health Perspect"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envres.2022.113165","article-title":"Long\u2010term exposure to particulate air pollution and incidence of Parkinson's disease: a nationwide population\u2010based cohort study in South Korea","volume":"212","author":"Lee H","year":"2022","journal-title":"Environ Res"},{"issue":"8","key":"e_1_2_9_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1289\/EHP259","article-title":"Air pollution and risk of Parkinson's disease in a large prospective study of men","volume":"125","author":"Palacios N","year":"2017","journal-title":"Environ Health Perspect"},{"issue":"6","key":"e_1_2_9_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2038","DOI":"10.1093\/ije\/dyy172","article-title":"Effects of ambient air pollution on incident Parkinson's disease in Ontario, 2001 to 2013: a population\u2010based cohort study","volume":"47","author":"Shin S","year":"2018","journal-title":"Int J Epidemiol"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"133944","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhazmat.2024.133944","article-title":"Causal association between long\u2010term exposure to air pollution and incident Parkinson's disease","volume":"469","author":"Ai B","year":"2024","journal-title":"J Hazard Mater"},{"issue":"1","key":"e_1_2_9_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17001","DOI":"10.1289\/EHP13009","article-title":"Air pollutants and risk of Parkinson's disease among women in the sister study","volume":"132","author":"Cao Z","year":"2024","journal-title":"Environ Health Perspect"},{"issue":"3","key":"e_1_2_9_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"313","DOI":"10.14802\/jmd.24003","article-title":"Association between exposure to particulate matter and the incidence of Parkinson's disease: a Nationwide cohort study in Taiwan","volume":"17","author":"Chen T\u2010B","year":"2024","journal-title":"J Mov Disord"},{"issue":"1","key":"e_1_2_9_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1038\/s41531-024-00633-1","article-title":"Genetic susceptibility modifies the association of long\u2010term air pollution exposure on Parkinson's disease","volume":"10","author":"Huang Y\u2010M","year":"2024","journal-title":"npj Park Dis"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chemosphere.2024.142703","article-title":"Associations of long\u2010term exposure to low\u2010level PM2.5 and brain disorders in 260,922 middle\u2010aged and older adults","volume":"362","author":"Qiang N","year":"2024","journal-title":"Chemosphere"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"114578","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijheh.2025.114578","article-title":"Association between air quality and neurodegenerative diseases in river Sacco Valley: a retrospective cohort study in Latium, central Italy","volume":"267","author":"Trentalange A","year":"2025","journal-title":"Int J Hyg Environ Health"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"163173","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2023.163173","article-title":"Residential greenness, air pollution and incident neurodegenerative disease: a cohort study in China","volume":"878","author":"Zhu Z","year":"2023","journal-title":"Sci Total Environ"},{"issue":"2","key":"e_1_2_9_23_1","first-page":"56","article-title":"Prevalence of Parkinson disease in Korea: a comprehensive analysis and regional comparison","volume":"19","author":"Jeon MJ","year":"2023","journal-title":"J Korean Soc Geriatr Neurosurg"},{"issue":"1","key":"e_1_2_9_24_1","article-title":"Parkinson disease \u2010 prevalence, trends and regional patterns in Germany. An analysis based on routine data from the statutory health insurance","volume":"10","author":"Rommel A","year":"2025","journal-title":"J Health Monit"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.1016\/j.arr.2014.01.004","article-title":"Ageing and Parkinson's disease: why is advancing age the biggest risk factor?","volume":"14","author":"Reeve A","year":"2014","journal-title":"Ageing Res Rev"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_26_1","first-page":"799","article-title":"Data resource profile: the National Health Information Database of the National Health Insurance Service in South Korea","volume":"46","author":"Seong SC","year":"2016","journal-title":"Int J Epidemiol"},{"issue":"8","key":"e_1_2_9_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"757","DOI":"10.1136\/jnnp-2024-334825","article-title":"Long\u2010term exposure to multiple air pollutants and risk of Parkinson's disease: a population\u2010based multipollutant model study","volume":"96","author":"Chen SJ","year":"2025","journal-title":"J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry"},{"issue":"1","key":"e_1_2_9_28_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"961","DOI":"10.1186\/s12877-024-05535-8","article-title":"Anticholinergic use is associated with lower mortality but not increased hip fracture risk in Parkinson's disease patients: a retrospective cohort study","volume":"24","author":"Ko P\u2010Y","year":"2024","journal-title":"BMC Geriatr"},{"issue":"4","key":"e_1_2_9_29_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"268","DOI":"10.7326\/M16-2607","article-title":"Sensitivity analysis in observational research: introducing the E\u2010value","volume":"167","author":"VanderWeele TJ","year":"2017","journal-title":"Ann Intern Med"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_30_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"115944","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envres.2023.115944","article-title":"Long\u2010term exposure to low\u2010level particulate air pollution and Parkinson's disease diagnosis \u2010 a Finnish register\u2010based study","volume":"229","author":"Rumrich IK","year":"2023","journal-title":"Environ Res"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_31_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"28","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envint.2019.04.069","article-title":"Parkinson's disease and long\u2010term exposure to outdoor air pollution: a matched case\u2010control study in The Netherlands","volume":"129","author":"Toro R","year":"2019","journal-title":"Environ Int"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_32_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"117434","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envres.2023.117434","article-title":"Traffic\u2010related air pollution and Parkinson's disease in central California","volume":"240","author":"Kwon D","year":"2024","journal-title":"Environ Res"},{"issue":"21","key":"e_1_2_9_33_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e2058","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.0000000000207871","article-title":"Fine particulate matter and Parkinson disease risk among Medicare beneficiaries","volume":"101","author":"Krzyzanowski B","year":"2023","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"issue":"9","key":"e_1_2_9_34_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e2433602","DOI":"10.1001\/jamanetworkopen.2024.33602","article-title":"Air pollution and Parkinson disease in a population\u2010based study","volume":"7","author":"Krzyzanowski B","year":"2024","journal-title":"JAMA Netw Open"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_35_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"104615","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuint.2019.104615","article-title":"Associations between long\u2010term exposure to ambient air pollution and Parkinson's disease prevalence: a cross\u2010sectional study","volume":"133","author":"Salimi F","year":"2020","journal-title":"Neurochem Int"},{"issue":"5","key":"e_1_2_9_36_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"509","DOI":"10.1097\/JOM.0000000000000451","article-title":"Associations of ozone and PM2.5 concentrations with Parkinson's disease among participants in the agricultural health study","volume":"57","author":"Kirrane EF","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Occup Environ Med"},{"issue":"1","key":"e_1_2_9_37_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8","DOI":"10.1186\/s12940-020-0565-4","article-title":"Road proximity, air pollution, noise, green space and neurologic disease incidence: a population\u2010based cohort study","volume":"19","author":"Yuchi W","year":"2020","journal-title":"Environ Health"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_38_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"111170","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envres.2021.111170","article-title":"Air pollution, surrounding green, road proximity and Parkinson's disease: a prospective cohort study","volume":"197","author":"Yu Z","year":"2021","journal-title":"Environ Res"},{"issue":"12","key":"e_1_2_9_39_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e557","DOI":"10.1016\/S2542-5196(20)30227-8","article-title":"Long\u2010term effects of PM2\u00b75 on neurological disorders in the American Medicare population: a longitudinal cohort study","volume":"4","author":"Shi L","year":"2020","journal-title":"Lancet Planet Health"},{"issue":"8","key":"e_1_2_9_40_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0182834","article-title":"Long\u2010term exposure to air pollution and the incidence of Parkinson's disease: a nested case\u2010control study","volume":"12","author":"Chen C\u2010Y","year":"2017","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"issue":"6","key":"e_1_2_9_41_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1467","DOI":"10.1002\/mds.70234","article-title":"Long\u2010term exposure to air pollution and incidence of Parkinson's disease: a Danish Nationwide administrative cohort study","volume":"41","author":"Cole\u2010Hunter T","year":"2026","journal-title":"Mov Disord"},{"issue":"5","key":"e_1_2_9_42_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"897","DOI":"10.1038\/s43587-025-00844-y","article-title":"A systematic review with a burden of proof meta\u2010analysis of health effects of long\u2010term ambient fine particulate matter (PM2.5) exposure on dementia","volume":"5","author":"Huang X","year":"2025","journal-title":"Nat Aging"},{"issue":"3","key":"e_1_2_9_43_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3390\/toxics13030207","article-title":"The effects of air pollution on neurological diseases: a narrative review on causes and mechanisms","volume":"13","author":"Lane M","year":"2025","journal-title":"Toxics"},{"issue":"6","key":"e_1_2_9_44_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3390\/antiox14060730","article-title":"Pathways to the brain: impact of fine particulate matter components on the central nervous system","volume":"14","author":"Ishihara Y","year":"2025","journal-title":"Antioxidants"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_45_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envint.2025.109802","article-title":"Ozone and PM(2.5) co\u2010exposure induced neurodegenerative alterations in mice: implication of mitochondrial dysfunction in glial cells","volume":"204","author":"Yang L","year":"2025","journal-title":"Environ Int"},{"issue":"5","key":"e_1_2_9_46_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"57005","DOI":"10.1289\/EHP8905","article-title":"The effects of chronic exposure to ambient traffic\u2010related air pollution on Alzheimer's disease phenotypes in wildtype and genetically predisposed male and female rats","volume":"129","author":"Patten KT","year":"2021","journal-title":"Environ Health Perspect"},{"issue":"2","key":"e_1_2_9_47_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"484","DOI":"10.1007\/s12035-012-8329-y","article-title":"\u0391\u2010Synuclein elevation in human neurodegenerative diseases: experimental, Pathogenetic, and therapeutic implications","volume":"47","author":"Ulusoy A","year":"2012","journal-title":"Mol Neurobiol"},{"issue":"4","key":"e_1_2_9_48_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"627","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuron.2019.05.035","article-title":"Transneuronal propagation of pathologic \u03b1\u2010Synuclein from the gut to the brain models Parkinson's disease","volume":"103","author":"Kim S","year":"2019","journal-title":"Neuron"},{"issue":"2","key":"e_1_2_9_49_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"503","DOI":"10.3233\/JAD-170857","article-title":"Ozone atmospheric pollution and Alzheimer's disease: from epidemiological facts to molecular mechanisms","volume":"62","author":"Croze ML","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Alzheimer's Dis"},{"issue":"7","key":"e_1_2_9_50_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3390\/antiox12071323","article-title":"Ozone environmental pollution: relationship between the intestine and neurodegenerative diseases","volume":"12","author":"Rivas\u2010Arancibia S","year":"2023","journal-title":"Antioxidants"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_51_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8","DOI":"10.3389\/fcell.2020.573696","article-title":"Alpha Synuclein connects the gut\u2010brain Axis in Parkinson's disease patients \u2013 a view on clinical aspects, cellular pathology and analytical methodology","volume":"8","author":"Schaeffer E","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front Cell Dev Biol"},{"issue":"1","key":"e_1_2_9_52_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1155\/2021\/3790477","article-title":"Oxidative stress caused by ozone exposure induces changes in P2X7 receptors, Neuroinflammation, and neurodegeneration in the rat hippocampus","volume":"2021","author":"Vel\u00e1zquez\u2010P\u00e9rez R","year":"2021","journal-title":"Oxid Med Cell Longev"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_53_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"416","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envres.2015.02.022","article-title":"Acute nitrogen dioxide inhalation induces mitochondrial dysfunction in rat brain","volume":"138","author":"Yan W","year":"2015","journal-title":"Environ Res"},{"issue":"1","key":"e_1_2_9_54_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1038\/s41531-025-00923-2","article-title":"Predictive modeling to uncover Parkinson's disease characteristics that delay diagnosis","volume":"11","author":"H\u00e4hnel T","year":"2025","journal-title":"npj Parkinsons Dis"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_55_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"109387","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envint.2025.109387","article-title":"Associations between long\u2010term air pollution exposure and mortality and cardiovascular morbidity: a comparison of mobility\u2010integrated and residential\u2010only exposure assessment","volume":"198","author":"Ndiaye A","year":"2025","journal-title":"Environ Int"},{"issue":"1","key":"e_1_2_9_56_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"291","DOI":"10.1038\/s41531-025-01156-z","article-title":"Exposure to ambient air pollution and onset of Parkinson's disease in a large cohort study","volume":"11","author":"Jahanshahi B","year":"2025","journal-title":"npj Parkinson Dis"}],"container-title":["Movement Disorders"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/movementdisorders.onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1002\/mds.70518","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/movementdisorders.onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1002\/mds.70518","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/movementdisorders.onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1002\/mds.70518","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,24]],"date-time":"2026-09-24T01:59:48Z","timestamp":1790215188000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/movementdisorders.onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1002\/mds.70518"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,23]]},"references-count":55,"alternative-id":["10.1002\/mds.70518"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/mds.70518","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["0885-3185","1531-8257"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0885-3185","type":"print"},{"value":"1531-8257","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,23]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2026-02-24","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2026-08-10","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2026-09-23","order":3,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}],"article-number":"mds.70518"}}