{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,22]],"date-time":"2026-10-22T10:14:34Z","timestamp":1792664074513,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":29,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2004,10,12]],"date-time":"2004-10-12T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1097539200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":4668,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Movement Disorders"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[1992,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>Levodopa\u2010induced dyskinesias (LID) in Parkinson's disease (PD) may be classified into three main categories: \u201cOn\u201d dyskinesias, diphasic dyskinesias (DD), and \u201coff\u201d periods. The study of 168 parkinsonian patients showed that about half (n = 84) showed one pattern of LID only. A combination of two was present in 68, and 16 had the three presentation patterns. A fairly good correlation between type of dyskinesia and presentation pattern was established. Chorea, myoclonus, and dystonic movements occurred during the \u201con\u201d period. Dystonic postures, particularly affecting the feet, were mainly present in the \u201coff\u201d period, but a few patients had a diphasic presentation. Repetitive stereotyped movements of the lower limbs always corresponded to DD. Acute pharmacological tests using dopamine agonists 9subcutaneous apomorphine 3\u20138 mg; intravenous lisuride 0. (1\u20130. 15 mg) and dopamine antagonists (intravenous sulpiride 200\u2013400 mg and intravenous chlorpromazine 25 mg) were performed in 40 patients. Dopamine agonists enhanced \u201con\u201d dyskinesias and markedly reduced or abolished \u201coff\u201d period dystonia and DD. Dopamine antagonists reduced all types of LID but usually aggravated parkinsonism. These clinical and pharmacological results indicate that LID in PD are a heterogeneous phenomenon difficult to explain on the basis of a single pathophysiological mechanism.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/mds.870070204","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2004,12,31]],"date-time":"2004-12-31T18:52:18Z","timestamp":1104519138000},"page":"117-124","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":211,"title":["Levodopa\u2010induced dyskinesias in Parkinson's disease: Clinical and pharmacological classification"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"7","author":[{"given":"M. R.","family":"Luquin","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"O.","family":"Scipioni","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"J.","family":"Vaamonde","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"O.","family":"Gershanik","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jos\u00e9 A.","family":"Obeso","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2004,10,12]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_1_2_2","first-page":"96","volume-title":"Movement disorders","author":"Marsden CD","year":"1982"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_3_2","first-page":"203","volume-title":"Current concepts in the treatment of Parkinsonism","author":"Duvoisin RC.","year":"1974"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_4_2","first-page":"791","article-title":"L\u2010dopa therapy in Parkinson's disease: a critical review of nine years' experience","volume":"101","author":"Barbeau A.","year":"1969","journal-title":"Can Med Assoc J"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.40.2.340"},{"issue":"2","key":"e_1_2_1_6_2","first-page":"11","article-title":"Motor complications associated with chronic levodopa\u2010therapy in Parkinson's disease","volume":"39","author":"Obeso JA","year":"1989","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_7_2","first-page":"1009","article-title":"Forms of dystonia in patients with Parkinson's disease","volume":"37","author":"Kidron D","year":"1987","journal-title":"Arch Neurol"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_8_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00002826-198702000-00004"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_9_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00002826-198908000-00004"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_10_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ana.410230112"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_11_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.39.7.888"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_12_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/jnnp.53.2.96"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_13_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/114.1.601"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_14_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ana.410020207"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_15_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ana.410240303"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_16_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00002826-198604000-00009"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_17_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00002826-198902000-00006"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_18_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00002826-198902000-00002"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_19_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00002826-199004000-00005"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_20_2","first-page":"1020","article-title":"Sustained bromocriptine therapy in previously untreated patients with Parkinson's disease","volume":"44","author":"Lee AJ","year":"1983","journal-title":"J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_21_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0006-8993(86)90783-3"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_22_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ana.410250521"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_23_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.40.6.927"},{"issue":"1","key":"e_1_2_1_24_2","first-page":"291","article-title":"Drugs with selective D\u20101 or D\u20102 receptor activity exhibit similar antiparkinsonian potency in the MPTP\u2010treated monkey","volume":"40","author":"Luquin MR","year":"1990","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_25_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/mds.870010102"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_26_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/mds.870050203"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_27_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/107.2.579"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_28_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/111.5.1211"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_29_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/112.6.1533"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_30_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/mds.870020201"}],"container-title":["Movement Disorders"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.wiley.com\/onlinelibrary\/tdm\/v1\/articles\/10.1002%2Fmds.870070204","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/movementdisorders.onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1002\/mds.870070204","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,20]],"date-time":"2025-10-20T10:43:14Z","timestamp":1760956994000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/movementdisorders.onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1002\/mds.870070204"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[1992,1]]},"references-count":29,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-print":{"date-parts":[[1992,1]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1002\/mds.870070204"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/mds.870070204","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["0885-3185","1531-8257"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0885-3185","type":"print"},{"value":"1531-8257","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[1992,1]]}}}