{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,10]],"date-time":"2026-10-10T03:28:49Z","timestamp":1791602929807,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":58,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2004,10,12]],"date-time":"2004-10-12T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1097539200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":3937,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Movement Disorders"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[1994,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>The aim of this study was to provide further insight into the phenomenology and pathophysiology of monophasic and biphasic dyskinesias induced by levodopa in Parkinson's disease. For this purpose, the type, localization, severity, and timing of dyskinesias were evaluated in 15 parkinsonian patients in relation to motor disability after administration of levodopa using a video\u2010electromyographic recording device. Foot\u2010dystonia, myoclonus, and akathisia were observed in most patients. The dyskinesias started in the foot, usually on the side most affected by the disease, and spread in an \u201cascending wave\u201d to the contralateral side, the trunk, and upper extremities. In a few patients, onset was axial, spreading almost instantaneously to all limbs. The dyskinesias were dystonic and ballistic at the start, and became increasingly choreic as they attained the upper limbs. Their intensity was maximal in the lower limbs, then progressively decreased, while increasing in upper limbs and head. The results indicate that there is no strict dichotomy between biphasic and monophasic dyskinesias. In other words, there is a \u201ccontinuum\u201d between the first dyskinesias and those observed during the period of maximal clinical improvement. These dyskinesias can also appear in reverse order, as if there were an \u201coscillator\u201d determining a sequence of alternating patterns.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/mds.870090103","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2004,12,31]],"date-time":"2004-12-31T11:34:39Z","timestamp":1104492879000},"page":"2-12","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":204,"title":["Levodopa\u2010induced dyskinesias in Parkinson's disease phenomenology and pathophysiology"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"9","author":[{"given":"Roberto","family":"Marconi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dominique","family":"Lefebvre\u2010Caparros","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anne\u2010Marie","family":"Bonnet","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marie","family":"Vidailhet","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bruno","family":"Dubois","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yves","family":"Agid","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2004,10,12]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_1_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/archneur.1979.00500410086014"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ana.410230112"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/archneur.1980.00500520030003"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_5_2","first-page":"297","article-title":"Les dyskin\u00e9sies de \u201cd\u00e9but et fin de dose\u201d provoqu\u00e9es par la l\u2010dopa","volume":"133","author":"Lhermitte F","year":"1977","journal-title":"Rev Neurol"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(75)92293-X"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_7_2","first-page":"163","article-title":"Patterns of dystonia (\u201cI\u2010D\u2010I\u201d and \u201cD\u2010I\u2010D\u201d) in response to l\u2010dopa therapy for Parkinson's disease","volume":"52","author":"Muenter MD","year":"1977","journal-title":"Mayo Clin Proc"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_8_2","first-page":"118","volume-title":"1\u2010DOPA and parkinsonism","author":"Barbeau A","year":"1970"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_9_2","first-page":"103","article-title":"Les mouvements anormaux abserv\u00e9s au cours du traitement de la maladie de Parkinson parla l\u2010DOPA","volume":"112","author":"Sigwald J","year":"1970","journal-title":"Rev Neurol"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_10_2","first-page":"99","article-title":"Dopamine et mouvements anormaux","volume":"127","author":"Rondot P","year":"1972","journal-title":"Rev Neurol"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_11_2","first-page":"96","volume-title":"Movement disorders","author":"Marsden CD","year":"1982"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_12_2","first-page":"163","article-title":"1\u2010DOPA therapy of Parkinson's disease: plasma l\u2010DOPA concentration, therapeutic response and side effects","volume":"52","author":"Muenter MD","year":"1971","journal-title":"Mayo Clin Proc"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_13_2","first-page":"445","article-title":"Mouvements anormaux provoqu\u00e9s par la l\u2010DOPA dans la maladie de Parkinson: correlations avec les concentrations plasmatiques de DOPA et de o\u2010methyl\u2010DOPA","volume":"133","author":"Lhermitte F","year":"1977","journal-title":"Rev Neurol"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_14_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(77)92939-7"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_15_2","first-page":"401","volume-title":"The extrapyramidal system and its disorders. 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