{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,10]],"date-time":"2026-08-10T13:00:02Z","timestamp":1786366802242,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":32,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2004,10,12]],"date-time":"2004-10-12T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1097539200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":3937,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Movement Disorders"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[1994,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>We have seen 32 patients with \u201capraxia of lid opening\u201d (ALO) in the following clinical settings: as an isolated condition (3 patients), idiopathic blepharospasm (BSP, 20 patients, including 4 familial cases), progressive supranuclear palsy (PSP, 7 patients), and dystonic parkinsonian syndrome (2 patients). Twenty\u2010nine patients treated with botulinum toxin into the orbicularis oculi muscle were rated before and after treatment and 83% of the patients improved on a clinical scale. Best results were obtained with injections directed toward the junction of the preseptal and pretarsal parts of the palpebral orbicularis oculi. Several patients also improved on anticholinergic drugs. Besides medical treatment, lid crutches, in conjunction with botulinum toxin injections, were useful in some patients. ALO is not a true apraxia; it constitutes an eyelid dystonia as shown by its clincal and electrophysiological features as well as pharmacological reactions and is encountered in a clinical spectrum ranging from an isolated from to predominant BSP. It was an important cause of treatment failures in botulinum toxin\u2010treated BSP but by modifying our injection strategy and by adding anticholinergic drugs and also lid crutches, we obtained a good functional benefit.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/mds.870090605","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2004,12,31]],"date-time":"2004-12-31T11:38:19Z","timestamp":1104493099000},"page":"610-615","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":130,"title":["\u201cApraxia of lid opening,\u201d a focal eyelid dystonia: Clinical study of 32 patients"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"9","author":[{"given":"P.","family":"Krack","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"M. 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