{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,14]],"date-time":"2026-09-14T11:48:13Z","timestamp":1789386493744,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":38,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2004,10,12]],"date-time":"2004-10-12T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1097539200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":3572,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Movement Disorders"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[1995,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>Apomorphine is a dopamine receptor agonist increasingly used in the treatment of Parkinson's disease (PD). In the present study, we examined the plasma and ventricular cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) pharmacokinetics of apomorphine as well as its effects on dopamine metabolism in six patients (one woman and five men, mean age 79.5 years) without evidence of PD who underwent 48\u2010h intracranial pressure monitoring for suspected normal pressure hydrocephalus. Maximal plasma apomorphine concentration (25.04 ng\/ml) is found 20 min after subcutaneous injection (50\u03bcg\/kg), and the mean area under the curve is 1,439.37 ng\/ml for 120 min. In contrast to plasma values, the maximal ventricular CSF apomorphine concentration (1.08 ng\/ml) is found 30 min after injection and the mean area under that curve is 7% of that of plasma (96.69 ng\/ml for 120 min). Apomorphine administration causes a significant reduction in ventricular CSF concentrations of dopamine and of its major metabolites sulfoconjugated dopamine, 3,4\u2010dihydroxyphenylacetic acid (DOPAC), and homovanillic acid (HVA). This effect starts 10 min after the injection of apomorphine, is maximal after 30 min (free dopamine, \u2010 30%; sulfoconjugated dopamine, \u221228%; HVA, \u221221%; DOPAC, \u221231%) and is still present, although to a lesser extent ( \u22125 to \u221210%), 120 min after the injection of apomorphine. This study shows that in humans a dose of apomorphine commonly used in PD causes significant inhibition of dopamine metabolism lasting &gt;120 min. In addition to their symptomatic effects, dopamine agonists such as apomorphine may play a role in preventing or slowing the neurodegeneration in PD by autoreceptor\u2010mediated inhibition of dopamine metabolism.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/mds.870100107","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2005,5,28]],"date-time":"2005-05-28T20:14:46Z","timestamp":1117311286000},"page":"28-36","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":43,"title":["Peripheral and central pharmacokinetics of apomorphine and its effect on dopamine metabolism in humans"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"10","author":[{"given":"Serge","family":"Przedborski","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marc","family":"Levivier","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Christian","family":"Raftopoulos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ali B.","family":"Naini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jerzy","family":"Hildebrand","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2004,10,12]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_1_2_2","first-page":"527","volume-title":"Parkinson's disease","author":"Goetz CG","year":"1992"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/jnnp.54.10.870"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/archneur.1992.00530350045017"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0140-6736(90)91531-E"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ana.410260209"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_7_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ana.410270613"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_8_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00002826-199402000-00005"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_9_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ana.410290516"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_10_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.41.10.1567"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_11_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0166-2236(93)90103-S"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_12_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1749-6632.1984.tb14497.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_13_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0364-7722(78)90061-9"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_14_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"384","DOI":"10.1080\/01616412.1992.11740091","article-title":"Morphological quantitative analysis of intracranial pressure waves in normal pressure hydrocephalus","volume":"14","author":"Raftopoulos C","year":"1992","journal-title":"Neurol Res"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_15_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0404.1990.tb00989.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_16_2","first-page":"2247","article-title":"Amine sulfate formation in the central nervous system","volume":"45","author":"Tyce GM","year":"1986","journal-title":"Fed Proc"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_17_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1472-8206.1993.tb00238.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_18_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0378-4347(85)80091-8"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_19_2","first-page":"260","article-title":"Time\u2010course of apomorphine in the brain of immature rat after apomorphine injection","volume":"223","author":"Symes AL","year":"1976","journal-title":"Arch Int Pharmacodyn Ther"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_20_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0014-2999(86)90576-5"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_21_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/jnnp.53.2.96"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_22_2","first-page":"51","volume-title":"Quantitative imaging. 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