{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,22]],"date-time":"2026-09-22T23:10:04Z","timestamp":1790118604931,"version":"4.0.1"},"reference-count":23,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2004,11,4]],"date-time":"2004-11-04T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1099526400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":2256,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Movement Disorders"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[1998,9]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>Stereotypic movement disorders (SMD) such as head\u2010banging, which are common among children with mental retardation or pervasive developmental disorders, may also occur in intellectually normal adults. We report a 27\u2010year history of daily head\u2010banging with self\u2010injury in a 49\u2010year\u2010old man with normal cognition. The patient had no personal or family history of Tourette's syndrome, tic disorder, obsessivecompulsive disorder (OCD), or mental retardation. The frequency of his stereotypical head\u2010banging increased with anxiety, loud noises with startle, and boredom. He reported a sense of pleasure from his head\u2010banging, and the frequency of this behavior decreased when he was treated with the opioid antagonist naltrexone. Although not diagnostic, the selfstimulatory or pleasurable component of head\u2010banging, bodyrocking, thumb\u2010sucking, and other SMD may help distinguish them from tics, Tourette's syndrome, OCD, and deliberate selfharming behavior. This report reviews the disorders associated with SMD and discusses the potential mechanisms for these behaviors. The treatment of SMD includes drugs that work through opioid, serotonergic, or dopaminergic systems.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/mds.870130512","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2004,12,31]],"date-time":"2004-12-31T09:49:30Z","timestamp":1104486570000},"page":"825-828","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":17,"title":["Adult head\u2010banging and stereotypic movement disorders"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"13","author":[{"given":"Mario F.","family":"Mendez","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Adrian","family":"Mirea","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2004,11,4]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_1_2_2","first-page":"116","article-title":"DSM\u2010IV stereotypic movement disorder: persistence of stereotypies of infancy in intellectually normal adolescents and 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