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The results of these studies have been consistent with the inhibition of dopamine uptake, at the dopamine transporter (DAT), which results in a rapid and excessive accumulation of extracellular dopamine in the synapse as being the mechanism primarily responsible for the locomotor stimulant actions of cocaine. Nevertheless, investigation of the serotonin (SERT) and norepinephrine (NET) transporters, as well as other receptor systems, with which cocaine either directly or indirectly interacts, has suggested that the DAT is not solely responsible for the reinforcing effects of cocaine. In an attempt to further elucidate the roles of these systems in the reinforcing effects of cocaine, selective molecular probes, in the form of drug molecules, have been designed, synthesized, and characterized. Many of these compounds bind potently and selectively to the DAT, block dopamine reuptake, and are behaviorally cocaine\u2010like in animal models of psychostimulant abuse. However, there have been exceptions noted in several classes of dopamine uptake inhibitors that demonstrate behavioral profiles that are distinctive from cocaine. Structure\u2013activity relationships between chemically diverse dopamine uptake inhibitors have suggested that different binding interactions, at the molecular level on the DAT, as well as divergent actions at the other monoamine transporters may be related to the differing pharmacological actions of these compounds,\n                    <jats:italic>in vivo<\/jats:italic>\n                    . These studies suggest that novel dopamine uptake inhibitors, which are structurally and pharmacologically distinct from cocaine, may be developed as potential cocaine\u2010abuse therapeutics. \u00a9 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Med Res Rev, 22, No. 5, 429\u2013464, 2002; Published online in Wiley InterScience (\n                    <jats:ext-link xmlns:xlink=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/xlink\" xlink:href=\"http:\/\/www.interscience.wiley.com\">www.interscience.wiley.com<\/jats:ext-link>\n                    ). DOI 10.1002\/med.10014\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/med.10014","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2002,10,6]],"date-time":"2002-10-06T07:56:23Z","timestamp":1033890983000},"page":"429-464","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":108,"title":["Probes for the dopamine transporter: New leads toward a cocaine\u2010abuse therapeutic\u2014A focus on analogues of benztropine and rimcazole"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"22","author":[{"given":"Amy Hauck","family":"Newman","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Santosh","family":"Kulkarni","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2002,7,30]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_1_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2165\/00019053-200018040-00008"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_3_2","unstructured":"The Sixth Triennial Report to Congress from the Secretary of Health and Human Services Drug Abuse and Addiction Research\u201425 years of discovery to advance the health of the public September 1999. 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