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The efficacy of propranolol was related to the \u03b2<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\u2010AR blockade and the consequent inhibition of the production of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), suggesting the hypothesis that propranolol could also be effective in treating retinopathy of prematurity (ROP), a retinal pathology characterized by VEGF\u2010induced neoangiogenesis. Consequent to the encouraging animal studies, a pilot clinical trial showed that oral propranolol protects newborns from ROP progression, even though this treatment is not sufficiently safe. Further, animal studies clarified the role of \u03b2<jats:sub>3<\/jats:sub>\u2010ARs in the development of ROP and, together with several preclinical studies demonstrating the key role of the \u03b2\u2010adrenergic system in tumor progression, vascularization, and metastasis, prompted us to also investigate the participation of \u03b2<jats:sub>3<\/jats:sub>\u2010ARs in tumor growth. The aim of this review is to gather the recent findings on the role of the \u03b2\u2010adrenergic system in IHs, ROP, and cancer, highlighting the fact that these different pathologies, triggered by different pathogenic noxae, share common pathogenic mechanisms characterized by the presence of hypoxia\u2010induced angiogenesis, which may be contrasted by targeting the \u03b2\u2010adrenergic system. The mechanisms characterizing the pathogenesis of IHs, ROP, and cancer may also be active during the fetal\u2013neonatal development, and a great contribution to the knowledge on the role of \u03b2\u2010ARs in diseases characterized by chronic hypoxia may come from research focusing on the fetal and neonatal period.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/med.21336","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2014,12,19]],"date-time":"2014-12-19T11:59:42Z","timestamp":1418990382000},"page":"619-652","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":44,"title":["Infantile Hemangiomas, Retinopathy of Prematurity and Cancer: A Common Pathogenetic Role of the \u03b2\u2010Adrenergic System"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"35","author":[{"given":"Luca","family":"Filippi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Neonatal Intensive Care Unit Medical Surgical Fetal\u2010Neonatal Department \u201cA. 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