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Due to the alarming increase of resistance to antimicrobial therapeutics, a growing interest in alternative antimicrobial agents has led to the exploitation of AMPs, both synthetic and isolated from natural sources. Thus, many peptide\u2010based drugs have been the focus of increasing attention by many researchers not only in identifying novel AMPs, but in defining mechanisms of antimicrobial peptide activity as well. Herein, we review the available strategies for the identification of AMPs in human body fluids and their mechanism(s) of action. In addition, an overview of the distribution of AMPs across different human body fluids is provided, as well as its relation with microorganisms and infectious conditions.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/med.21435","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2017,1,17]],"date-time":"2017-01-17T11:44:39Z","timestamp":1484653479000},"page":"101-146","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":55,"title":["Human Antimicrobial Peptides in Bodily Fluids: Current Knowledge and Therapeutic Perspectives in the Postantibiotic Era"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"38","author":[{"given":"Paulo","family":"Bastos","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Sciences iBiMED\u2014Institute for Research in Biomedicine, University of Aveiro Aveiro Portugal"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"F\u00e1bio","family":"Trindade","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Sciences iBiMED\u2014Institute for Research in Biomedicine, University of Aveiro Aveiro Portugal"},{"name":"Unidade de Investiga\u00e7\u00e3o Cardiovascular, Departamento de Cirurgia e Fisiologia, Faculdade de Medicina Universidade do Porto Porto Portugal"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jo\u00e3o","family":"da Costa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Chemistry CESAM University of Aveiro Aveiro Portugal"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rita","family":"Ferreira","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Chemistry QOPNA Mass Spectrometry Center University of Aveiro, Aveiro Portugal"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rui","family":"Vitorino","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Sciences iBiMED\u2014Institute for Research in Biomedicine, University of Aveiro Aveiro Portugal"},{"name":"Unidade de Investiga\u00e7\u00e3o Cardiovascular, Departamento de Cirurgia e Fisiologia, Faculdade de Medicina Universidade do Porto Porto Portugal"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2017,1,17]]},"reference":[{"issue":"1","key":"e_1_2_11_2_1","first-page":"D1087","article-title":"APD3: The antimicrobial peptide database as a tool for research and education","volume":"44","author":"Wang G","year":"2015","journal-title":"Nucleic Acids Res"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_3_1","first-page":"3052","article-title":"Anticancer efficacy of Magainin2 and analogue peptides","volume":"53","author":"Baker MA","year":"1993","journal-title":"Cancer Res"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.93.3.1221"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s40259-013-0039-0"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1096\/fj.02-0699fje"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(01)00092-5"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/jid.2014.165"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nature06192"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCRESAHA.113.302035"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4284","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.03-1052","article-title":"Modulation of corneal epithelial cell functions by the neutrophil\u2010derived inflammatory mediator CAP37","volume":"45","author":"Pereira HA","year":"2004","journal-title":"Investig Opthalmol Vis Sci"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1006\/exer.2000.0985"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M114.570143"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0966-842X(00)01823-0"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nchembio.1393"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.it.2008.12.003"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/emmm.201201773"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0166-2236(99)01429-0"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.2003219"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1099\/mic.0.27757-0"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/jb.174.22.7428-7435.1992"},{"issue":"5","key":"e_1_2_11_22_1","first-page":"241","article-title":"Antibacterial activities of bacteriocins: Application in foods and pharmaceuticals","volume":"26","author":"Yang SC","year":"2014","journal-title":"Front Microbiol"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/jm301468k"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00561502"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_25_1","first-page":"321","article-title":"Human sweat kallikrein. 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