{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,2]],"date-time":"2026-10-02T19:47:24Z","timestamp":1790970444442,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":31,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,6,17]],"date-time":"2020-06-17T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1592352000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100006545","name":"National Institute on Minority Health and Health Disparities","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["S21 MD001830"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["S21 MD001830"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100006545","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100006545","name":"National Institute on Minority Health and Health Disparities","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["U54 MD007587"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["U54 MD007587"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100006545","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Molec Gen &amp;amp; Gen Med"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,8]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec><jats:title>Background<\/jats:title><jats:p>The development of the face occurs during the early days of intrauterine life by the formation of facial processes from the first Pharyngeal arch. Derangement in these well\u2010organized fusion events results in Orofacial clefts (OFC). Van der Woude syndrome (VWS) is one of the most common causes of syndromic cleft lip and\/or palate accounting for 2% of all cases. Mutations in the IRF6 gene account for 70% of cases with the majority of these mutations located in the DNA\u2010binding (exon 3, 4) or protein\u2010binding domains (exon 7\u20139). The current study was designed to update the list of IRF6 variants reported for VWS by compiling all the published mutations from 2013 to date as well as including the previously unreported VWS cases from Africa and Puerto Rico.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>We used PubMed with the search terms; \"Van der Woude syndrome,\" \u201cPopliteal pterygium syndrome,\u201d \"IRF6,\" and \"Orofacial cleft\" to identify eligible studies. We compiled the CADD score for all the mutations to determine the percentage of deleterious variants.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>Twenty\u2010one new mutations were identified from nine papers. The majority of these mutations were in exon 4. Mutations in exon 3 and 4 had CADD scores between 20 and 30 and mutations in exon 7\u20139 had CADD scores between 30 and 40. The presence of higher CADD scores in the protein\u2010binding domain (exon 7\u20139) further confirms the crucial role played by this domain in the function of IRF6. In the new cases, we identified five IRF6 mutations, three novel missense mutations (p.Phe36Tyr, p.Lys109Thr, and p.Gln438Leu), and two previously reported nonsense mutations (p.Ser424*and p.Arg250*).<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title><jats:p>Mutations in the protein and DNA\u2010binding domains of IRF6 ranked among the top 0.1% and 1% most deleterious genetic mutations, respectively. Overall, these findings expand the range of VWS mutations and are important for diagnostic and counseling purposes.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/mgg3.1355","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,6,18]],"date-time":"2020-06-18T00:14:16Z","timestamp":1592439256000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":24,"title":["Non\u2010random distribution of deleterious mutations in the DNA and protein\u2010binding domains of <i>IRF6<\/i> are associated with Van Der Woude syndrome"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"8","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9176-0221","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Azeez A.","family":"Alade","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Oral Pathology, Radiology and Medicine College of Dentistry University of Iowa Iowa City IA USA"},{"name":"Iowa Institute of Oral Health Research University of Iowa Iowa City IA USA"},{"name":"Department of 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