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Controls included an unoperated contralateral side and sham\u2010operated groups either with or without the GM\u20101. During the 5 months of recovery, locomotion was tested by the sciatic function index (SFI). At killing, anesthetized animals were prepared for nerve conduction velocity (NCV) studies, followed by the wet weight of the gastrocnemius muscle (expression of atrophy), toe\u2010chewing (expression of lesion severity and sensory loss), and histological examination of the nerve segments. The SFI showed a slight but significant recovery for both the vascular and avascular groups (34% at 20 weeks), but when GM\u20101 ganglioside treatment was included, the SFI was poor throughout (20\u201333%). The average NCV of the graft groups without GM\u20101 was 46% to 57% of the normal nerve (52.7 m\/s), whereas for the groups treated with GM\u20101, it was 63% to 64% of normal; treatment of the non\u2010vascular graft group significantly improved recovery. A uniformly poor recovery from muscle atrophy was seen for all nerve graft groups (62\u201367%) compared with normal controls. The mean number of toes per foot chewed was 1.9 and 2.4 in graft groups without GM\u20101 treatment and 0.9 and 1.3 in graft groups treated with GM\u20101. This treatment significantly reduced both the extent and the number of animals exhibiting autotomy. The qualitative microscopic appearance of the distal nerve segment in all surgical groups was similar. We conclude that the systemic addition of GM\u20101 ganglioside enhances only some aspects of regeneration in grafted nerves, possibly with a preferential effect on sensory nerve regeneration and functional recovery. \u00a9 2001 Wiley\u2010Liss, Inc. 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