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The purpose of this study was to identify fluctuations in nerve regeneration and neuronal survival over time. One hundred and forty\u2010four Lewis rats were randomized to end\u2010to\u2010end repair or nerve grafting (1.5 cm graft) after sciatic nerve transection. Quantitative histomorphometry and retrograde labeling of motor neurons were performed at 1, 3, 6, 9, 12, and 24 months and supplemented by electron microscopy. Fiber counts and motor neuron counts increased between 1 and 3 months, followed by plateau. End\u2010to\u2010end repair resulted in persistently higher fiber counts compared to the grafting for all time points (<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic> &lt; 0.05). Percent neural tissue and myelin width increased with time while fibrin debris dissipated. In conclusion, these data detail the natural history of regeneration and demonstrate that overall fiber counts may remain stable despite pruning. \u00a9 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. 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