{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,15]],"date-time":"2026-10-15T20:19:24Z","timestamp":1792095564129,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":59,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,4]],"date-time":"2023-09-04T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1693785600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Microsurgery"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec><jats:title>Background<\/jats:title><jats:p>Lymphedema constitutes a major unsolved problem in plastic surgery. To identify novel lymphedema treatments, preclinical studies are vital. The surgical mouse lymphedema model is popular and cost\u2010effective; nonetheless, a synthesis and overview of the literature with evidence\u2010based guidelines is needed. The aim of this review was to perform a systematic review to establish best practice and support future high\u2010quality animal studies exploring lymphedema treatments.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>We performed a systematic review following the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta\u2010Analyses (PRISMA) guidelines, searching four databases (PubMed, Embase, Web of Science, and Scopus) from inception\u2013September 2022. The Animals in Research Reporting In Vivo Experiments 2.0 (ARRIVE 2.0) guidelines were used to evaluate reporting quality. Studies claiming to surgically induce lymphedema in the hindlimb of mice were included.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>Thirty\u2010seven studies were included. Four main models were used. (1) Irradiation+surgery. (2) A variation of the surgery used by (1)\u2009+\u2009irradiation. (3) Surgery only (SPDF\u2010model). (4) Surgery only (PLND\u2010model). Remaining studies used other techniques. The most common measurement modality was the caliper. Mean quality coefficient was 0.57. Eighteen studies (49%) successfully induced sustained lymphedema. Combination of methods seemed to yield the best results, with an overrepresentation of irradiation, the removal of two lymph nodes, and the disruption of both the deep and superficial lymph vessels in the 18 studies.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title><jats:p>Surgical mouse hindlimb lymphedema models are challenged by two related problems: (1) retaining lymphedema for an extended period, that is, establishing a (chronic) lymphedema model (2) distinguishing lymphedema from post\u2010operative edema.<\/jats:p><jats:p>Most studies failed to induce lymphedema and used error\u2010prone measurements. We provide an overview of studies claiming to induce lymphedema and advocate improved research via five evidence\u2010based recommendations to use: (1) a proven lymphedema model; (2) sufficient follow\u2010up time, (3) validated measurement methods; (4) ARRIVE\u2010guidelines; (5) contralateral hindlimb as control.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/micr.31088","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,4]],"date-time":"2023-09-04T10:00:16Z","timestamp":1693821616000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":13,"title":["Surgical lymphedema models in the mice hindlimb\u2014A systematic review and quality assessment"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"44","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2775-8463","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Amar","family":"Bucan","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Plastic Surgery University of Copenhagen, Herlev and Gentofte Hospital  Copenhagen Denmark"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4301-347X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Martin","family":"Frend\u00f8","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Plastic Surgery University of Copenhagen, Herlev and Gentofte Hospital  Copenhagen Denmark"},{"name":"Copenhagen Academy for Medical Education and Simulation (CAMES) Center for HR &amp; Education  Copenhagen Denmark"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mikaella Ty","family":"Ngo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Plastic Surgery University of Copenhagen, Herlev and Gentofte Hospital  Copenhagen Denmark"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jens Ahm","family":"S\u00f8rensen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Unit for Plastic Surgery Odense University Hospital  Odense Denmark"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lisbet Rosenkrantz","family":"H\u00f6lmich","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Plastic Surgery University of Copenhagen, Herlev and Gentofte Hospital  Copenhagen Denmark"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,4]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_7_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ctm2.758"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/SLA.0000000000001525"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/2000656X.2020.1772799"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-022-16311-2"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/PRS.0000000000002683"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-017-00085-z"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/PRS.0000000000006474"},{"issue":"4","key":"e_1_2_7_9_1","first-page":"7565","article-title":"A refined mouse hind limb model of secondary lymphedema","volume":"9","author":"Dai T. 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