{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,17]],"date-time":"2026-08-17T18:26:14Z","timestamp":1786991174493,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":110,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,10]],"date-time":"2026-02-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1770681600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":9,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,1]],"date-time":"2026-02-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1769904000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Microsurgery"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,2]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Introduction<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Vascularized composite allotransplantation (VCA) offers a reconstructive solution for patients with severe limb and facial defects by transplanting multiple tissue types\u2014including skin, muscle, bone, and nerves\u2014as a single unit. This review examines current challenges in nerve regeneration and functional recovery following VCA, and assesses emerging strategies aimed at overcoming these hurdles.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>A comprehensive literature review was conducted, focusing on clinical outcomes from upper limb and facial transplantation programs worldwide. Studies evaluating rehabilitation protocols, transplantation levels, follow\u2010up durations, and experimental strategies (cellular therapies, biomaterials, and neurotrophic factor delivery) were analyzed to determine their impact on nerve regeneration and functional recovery.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Clinical evidence indicates that while protective sensation can return within months after VCA, motor function recovery often extends over several years. Variability in outcomes has been noted, largely due to differences in rehabilitation practices, assessment metrics, and follow\u2010up duration. Experimental approaches, including stem cell\u2010based therapies\u2014especially those using adipose\u2010derived stem cells\u2014demonstrate potential for enhancing axonal regeneration and modulating immune responses, although the long\u2010term benefits and standardized measures remain to be fully established.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Despite promising advancements in surgical techniques and immunosuppressive regimens, effective nerve regeneration in VCA remains a significant challenge. The variability in clinical outcomes underscores the need for standardized functional assessment protocols and further research into novel regenerative therapies. Future studies should focus on refining these therapeutic strategies to improve long\u2010term functional recovery and minimize the reliance on chronic immunosuppression.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/micr.70192","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,10]],"date-time":"2026-02-10T11:31:54Z","timestamp":1770723114000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Where Do We Stand for Nerve Regeneration and Functional Recovery After Vascularized Composite Allotransplantation?"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"46","author":[{"given":"Olivier","family":"Mathieu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery Cedars\u2010Sinai Medical Center  Los Angeles California USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Leonard","family":"Knoedler","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Plastic 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