{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,28]],"date-time":"2026-09-28T08:58:44Z","timestamp":1790585924296,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":70,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,26]],"date-time":"2026-08-26T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1787702400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,26]],"date-time":"2026-08-26T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1787702400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Microsurgery"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,9]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Lymphovenous bypass (LVB) or lymphaticovenous anastomosis (LVA) is increasingly applied, including experimental use for Alzheimer's disease via cervical lymphatic pathways. However, literature on long\u2010term patency and failure mechanisms is scarce, and no gold standard exists for evaluating durability. Robust, reproducible LVA models are essential to advance translational research. This review maps current animal models and proposes strategies for improving reliability and mechanistic insight.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>A PRISMA\u2010guided search of PubMed, Scopus, and Google Scholar identified original animal studies reporting intra\u2010 or postoperative patency using functional or structural methods. Extracted data included species, anastomosis type, assessment tools, follow\u2010up intervals, patency rates, and histology.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Of 107 records screened, 11 met criteria: rats (\n                      <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u20097), rabbits (\n                      <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u20091), piglets (\n                      <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u20091), and canines (\n                      <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u20092). Techniques were mainly end\u2010to\u2010end (\n                      <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u20099) and end\u2010to\u2010side (\n                      <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u20092), targeting femoral, iliolumbar, popliteal, mesenteric, cervical, and thoracic\u2010duct outflows. Intraoperative patency was uniformly high (\u2265\u200990%). Postoperative patency was reported in six studies, ranging from 80% to 100% at \u2264\u20097\u2009days (ICG lymphography) to 67% at 1\u2009month (canines). Histology (three studies) distinguished patent sites (smooth endothelium) from failed ones (irregular endothelium, thrombus, fibrosis). Follow\u2010up was categorized as short\u2010term (0\u20137\u2009days), mid\u2010term (2\u20134\u2009weeks), and long\u2010term (\u2265\u20091\u2009month), but standardized long\u2010term outcomes were absent.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Future models should integrate noninvasive imaging, serial long\u2010term follow\u2010up, and detailed histologic and molecular analysis to clarify success and failure mechanisms. Standardized methodologies will enhance translational relevance, refine surgical techniques, and inform therapies to improve LVA durability.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/micr.70283","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,27]],"date-time":"2026-08-27T04:42:41Z","timestamp":1787805761000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Animal Models of Lymphaticovenous Anastomosis: A Systematic Review of Current Evidence and Future Directions in Translational Research"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"46","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0004-8579-5128","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Juan I.","family":"Isaac","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery Mayo Clinic  Rochester Minnesota 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