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To facilitate this process, we have developed in this work a Machine Learning (ML)\u2010based workflow for samples\u2019 classification based on their gas chromatography (GC) chromatograms (i.e., spectra). To this end, annotated spectra of 181 samples containing three groups of liquids (petroleum distillates, gasoline, and an assortment of other substances) collected from fire scenes as well as two reference databases were obtained from the Israeli Department of Identification and Forensic Sciences (DIFS). These spectra were used for the derivation of ML\u2010based classification models using three algorithms, namely, <jats:italic>k<\/jats:italic>NN, representative spectrum, and random forest (RF) giving rise to reliable predictions. To increase the size of the dataset to a level that would enable the usage of more advanced ML algorithms, we have used the experimental spectra to develop a new spectra synthesis algorithm and utilized it to generate a large dataset of synthetic spectra. This dataset was used for the derivation of new <jats:italic>k<\/jats:italic>NN, RF, and representative spectrum models as well as deep learning (DL) models producing F1\u2010scores over an independent test set composed entirely of \u201creal\u201d spectra ranging from 0.74\u20130.95, 0.86\u22120.95, 0.30\u20130.75, and 0.85\u20130.96 for <jats:italic>k<\/jats:italic>NN, RF, representative spectrum, and DL, respectively. Following the completion of the work, a second set of real spectra was provided to us by DIFS, and modeling it with the second set of models yielded F1\u2010scores ranging from 0.92\u20130.96, 0.96\u22121.00, 0.71\u20130.82, and 0.95\u20130.98 for <jats:italic>k<\/jats:italic>NN, RF, representative spectrum, and DL, respectively. These results therefore suggest that for this dataset, performances depend more on the size of the dataset used for model training than on the ML algorithm. We propose that the workflow and spectra synthesis algorithm developed in this work could be readily applied to other forensic domains where samples are characterized by spectra, either solely or in combination with other parameters.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/minf.70008","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,22]],"date-time":"2025-08-22T07:59:57Z","timestamp":1755849597000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Machine Learning\u2010Based Identification of Petroleum Distillates and Gasoline Traces Using Measured and Synthetic GC Spectra from Collected Samples"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"44","author":[{"given":"Omer","family":"Kaspi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Electrical Engineering \u2013 System Engineering Program Afeka College of Engineering  Tel Aviv Israel"},{"name":"School of Industrial Engineering and Management Shenkar College of Engineering Design and Art  Ramat\u2010Gan Israel"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yaniv Y.","family":"Avissar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Ignitable, Poisons and Explosives Lab Israel Police HQ  Jerusalem Israel"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Arnon","family":"Grafit","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Ignitable, Poisons and Explosives Lab Israel Police HQ  Jerusalem Israel"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ron","family":"Chibel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Ignitable, Poisons and Explosives Lab Israel Police HQ  Jerusalem Israel"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Olga","family":"Girshevitz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Bar Ilan Institute of Nanotechnology and Advanced Materials Bar\u2010Ilan University  Ramat\u2010Gan Israel"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0076-1355","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hanoch","family":"Senderowitz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Chemistry Bar\u2010Ilan University  Ramat\u2010Gan Israel"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,22]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_8_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1556-4029.2006.00229.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1365712717746419"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1556-4029.2007.00435.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_5_1","volume-title":"Fire Investigation","author":"Icove D. 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