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OTA is found more often in the urine of people living in BEN\u2010endemic villages. To confirm and quantify exposure to OTA in Vratza district, we followed up OTA intake for 1 month, OTA in blood and urine from healthy (20\u201330 years old) volunteers, from two villages with high risk for BEN disease. Food samples were collected daily, blood and urine at the beginning of each week. Relations between increasing OTA intake, blood concentration and elimination of OTA in urine have been studied in rats. Average weekly intake of OTA varies from 1.9 to 206 ng\/kg body weight, twice tolerable weekly intake recommended by JECFA. OTA blood concentrations are in the same range as previously reported in this region with concentrations reaching 10 \u03bcg\/L. Weekly OTA food intake is not directly correlated with blood and urine concentrations. Biomarkers of biological effects such as DNA adducts were detected in patients affected by urinary tract tumours (UTT) and in rat study. All these plead for the implication of OTA, in BEN and UTT.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/mnfr.200500182","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2006,5,22]],"date-time":"2006-05-22T10:58:00Z","timestamp":1148295480000},"page":"519-529","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":151,"title":["Balkan endemic nephropathy: Role of ochratoxins A through biomarkers"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"50","author":[{"given":"Marcel","family":"Castegnaro","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Delphine","family":"Canadas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Terry","family":"Vrabcheva","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Theodora","family":"Petkova\u2010Bocharova","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ivan N.","family":"Chernozemsky","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Annie","family":"Pfohl\u2010Leszkowicz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2006,5,26]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_1_2_2","first-page":"14","volume":"7","author":"Tanchev I.","year":"1956","journal-title":"Savr Med."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_3_2","first-page":"2039","volume":"65","author":"Danilovic V.","year":"1957","journal-title":"Presse M\u00e9d."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_4_2","first-page":"217","volume":"1","author":"Fortza N.","year":"1961","journal-title":"Cercet Med."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_5_2","unstructured":"World Health Organisation Memoranda. The Endemic Nephropathy of South\u2010Eastern Europe.WHO Geneva 1965 pp. 431\u2013448."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_6_2","first-page":"481","volume":"21","author":"Bordas E.","year":"1973","journal-title":"M\u00e9d. Soc. Sant\u00e9 Publique"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_7_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ijc.2910190102"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_8_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1419","DOI":"10.1093\/jnci\/59.5.1419","volume":"59","author":"Petkova\u2010Bocharova T.","year":"1977","journal-title":"J. Natl. Cancer Inst."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_9_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/02652030110079815"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_10_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1159\/000181465"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_11_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1159\/000183456"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_12_2","unstructured":"Krogh P. Mycotoxic porcine nephropathy \u2013 a possible model for Balkan (endemic) nephropathy. Endemic nephropathy Proceedings of the second International Symposium on Endemic Nephropathy 9\u201312 November 1972 Bulgarian Academy of Sciences Sofia 1972 pp. 266\u2013277."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_13_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/02652038509373555"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_14_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Petkova\u2010Bocharova T. Castegnaro M. Michelon J. Maru V. Ochratoxin A and other mycotoxins in cereals from an area of Balkan endemic nephropathy and urinary tract tumours in Bulgaria in: Castegnaro M. Plestina R. Dirheimer G. Chernozemsky I. N. Bartsch H. (Eds.) Mycotoxins Endemic Nephropathy and Urinary Tract Tumours IARC Scientific Publications No. 115 IARC Lyon 1991 pp. 83\u201387.","DOI":"10.1016\/0277-5379(91)91350-R"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_15_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/02652038809373707"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_16_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Petkova\u2010Bocharova T. Castegnaro M. Ochratoxin A in human blood in relation to Balkan endemic nephropathy and urinary system tumours in Bulgaria in: Castegnaro M. Plestina R. Dirheimer G. Chernozemsky I. N. Bartsch H. (Eds.) Mycotoxins Endemic Nephropathy and Urinary Tract Tumours IARC Scientific Publications No. 115 IARC Lyon 1991 pp. 135\u2013137.","DOI":"10.1016\/0277-5379(91)91350-R"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_17_2","unstructured":"Castegnaro M. Maru V. Petkova\u2010Bocharova T. Nikolov I. Bartsch H. Concentration of ochratoxin A in the urine of endemic nephropathy patients and controls in Bulgaria: Lack of detection of 4\u2013hydroxyochratoxin A in: Castegnaro M. Plestina R. Dirheimer G. Chernozemsky I. N. Bartsch H. (Eds.) 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