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Striking similarities between OTA\u2010induced porcine nephropathy in pigs and BEN in humans are observed. International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) has classified OTA as a possible human carcinogen (group 2B). Currently, the mode of carcinogenic action by OTA is unknown. OTA is genotoxic following oxidative metabolism. This activity is thought to play a central role in OTA\u2010mediated carcinogenesis and may be divided into direct (covalent DNA adduction) and indirect (oxidative DNA damage) mechanisms of action. Evidence for a direct mode of genotoxicity has been derived from the sensitive\n                    <jats:sup>32<\/jats:sup>\n                    P\u2010postlabelling assay. OTA facilitates guanine\u2010specific DNA adducts\n                    <jats:italic>in vitro<\/jats:italic>\n                    and in rat and pig kidney orally dosed, one adduct comigrates with a synthetic carbon (C)\u2010bonded C8\u2010dG OTA adduct standard. In this paper, our current understanding of OTA toxicity and carcinogenicity are reviewed. The available evidence suggests that OTA is a genotoxic carcinogen by induction of oxidative DNA lesions coupled with direct DNA adducts\n                    <jats:italic>via<\/jats:italic>\n                    quinone formation. This mechanism of action should be used to establish acceptable intake levels of OTA from human food sources.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/mnfr.200600137","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2006,12,29]],"date-time":"2006-12-29T05:24:25Z","timestamp":1167369865000},"page":"61-99","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":917,"title":["Ochratoxin A: An overview on toxicity and carcinogenicity in animals and humans"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"51","author":[{"given":"Annie","family":"Pfohl\u2010Leszkowicz","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Richard A.","family":"Manderville","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2006,12,29]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_1_2_2","first-page":"14","article-title":"Studies on nephritis in the region of Vratza","volume":"7","author":"Tanchev I.","year":"1956","journal-title":"Savr. 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