{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,17]],"date-time":"2026-10-17T20:52:47Z","timestamp":1792270367898,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":54,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2008,1,9]],"date-time":"2008-01-09T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1199836800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Molecular Nutrition Food Res"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2008,2]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>The most commonly consumed shellfish species produced in Scotland \u2013 mussels, oysters and scallops \u2013 were investigated for the occurrence of a range of brominated and chlorinated contaminants in order to establish current levels and estimate human dietary exposure. Flesh from individual sub\u2010samples was representatively pooled and 35 composites were analysed for brominated and chlorinated dioxins (PBDD\/Fs, PCDD\/Fs), brominated and chlorinated biphenyls (PBBs, PCBs), polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs), hexabromocyclododecanes (HBCDs) and tetrabromobisphenol A (TBBPA). The analytical methodology used <jats:sup>13<\/jats:sup>C<jats:sub>12<\/jats:sub> labelled surrogates of the target compounds, with GC coupled to (usually) high resolution MS, and LC\u2010MS\/MS for HBCD and TBBPA analysis. Positive identifications were made in the majority of samples for most analytes with the exception of TBBPA and most PBDD congeners measured. None of the levels detected for PCDD\/F and PCB were above the maximum permitted levels specified in European Union regulations. The levels of brominated furans predominated over brominated dioxins, reflecting the environmental distribution and source emission profiles of these contaminants, and relatively high levels of the tri\u2010brominated congeners were observed. Levels of the flame retardant chemicals reflected current and legacy use, with appreciable concentrations of PBDEs and HBCDs (predominantly alpha\u2010HBCD) but far lower levels of PBBs. TBBPA was not detected in any of the species. In general, mussels and oysters displayed relatively higher levels of contamination than scallops, although the gonad tissue of the latter showed significant levels of brominated dioxins. The estimated adult dietary intakes of PCDD\/Fs and PCBs arising from the consumption of a typical portion of these foods in combination with an otherwise average UK diet were in the range 0.5\u20130.6 pg World Health Organisation (WHO)\u2010toxic equivalent (TEQ)(2005)\/kg bodyweight per day. These estimated dietary intakes are well within the Tolerable Daily Intake for dioxins and dioxin\u2010like PCBs of 2 pg WHO\u2010TEQ(2005)\/kg bodyweight\/day endorsed by the independent expert Committee on Toxicology of Chemicals in Food, Consumer Products and the Environment. The corresponding intakes for sumPBDEs and sumHBCDs were 5.6\u20136.1 and 5.9\u20137.9 ng\/kg bodyweight\/day respectively.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/mnfr.200700135","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2008,1,9]],"date-time":"2008-01-09T13:19:28Z","timestamp":1199884768000},"page":"238-249","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":138,"title":["Brominated and chlorinated dioxins, PCBs and brominated flame retardants in Scottish shellfish: Methodology, occurrence and human dietary exposure"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"52","author":[{"given":"Alwyn","family":"Fernandes","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Pamela","family":"Dicks","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"David","family":"Mortimer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Martin","family":"Gem","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Frankie","family":"Smith","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Malcolm","family":"Driffield","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shaun","family":"White","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Martin","family":"Rose","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2008,2]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_1_2_2","unstructured":"Food Standards Agency Brominated chemicals in farmed and wild fish and shellfish and fish oil dietary supplements Food Survey Information Sheet 04\/06 2006 http:\/\/www.food.gov.uk\/science\/surveillance\/fsisbranch2006\/fsis0406."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/10643380490430672"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_4_2","unstructured":"Food Standards Agency Dioxins and dioxin\u2010like PCBs in the UK diet: 2001 total diet study samples Food Survey Information Sheet No. 38\/03 FSA London 2003."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1091447"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0045-6535(98)00097-6"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_7_2","unstructured":"Food Standards Agency Dioxins and PCBs in wild and farmed fish and shellfish Food Survey Information Sheet 03\/06 2006 http:\/\/www.food.gov.uk\/science\/surveillance\/fsis branch2006\/fsis0306."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_8_2","unstructured":"Health Canada Fish and Seafood survey 2005 www.hc\u2010sc.gc.ca\/food\u2010aliment\/cs\u2010ipc\/fr\u2010ra\/e_seafood_survey.html."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_9_2","unstructured":"Food Safety Authority of Ireland Summary of Investigation of Dioxins Furans and PCBs in Farmed Salmon Wild Salmon Farmed Trout and Fish Oil Capsules 2002 www.fsai.ie\/surveillance\/food\/surveillance_food_summarydioxins.asp."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_10_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/es011287i"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_11_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/jf0485786"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_12_2","unstructured":"PCDDs PCDFs and PCBs in shellfish Central Science Laboratory Report FD 98\/62 to the Food Standards Agency 2000."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_13_2","unstructured":"Commission Regulation (EC) No 2375\/2001 of 29 November 2001 amending regulation No 466\/2001 setting maximum levels for certain contaminants in foodstuffs Off. 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